Performance of Pipeline Steels in Sour Service

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Elboujdaini ◽  
R. W. Revie
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Microalloyed Steel ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Process Metallurgy ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
Sour Service

The demand for steel for the production of pipelines to transport gas and oil containing hydrogen sulphide prompted the development of steel that is resistant to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). During the past two decades, combined research efforts in the areas of product and process metallurgy have made it possible to satisfy most of the main requirements for grades X-42 and X-60 microalloyed steel for mildly acidic (pH = 5) H2S environments. Building on the experience acquired in the area of microalloyed steel for a mildly acidic (pH ∼ 5) H2S environment, the industry launched a program to develop steel that would satisfy new requirements for H2S-resistant pipelines under NACE conditions (TM0177, pH∼3). In order to develop these steels, it was necessary to define qualitatively and quantitatively the specific effects on H2S resistance of the multiple intrinsic parameters of the product itself as well as those resulting from the process. In this paper, data will be presented that have made it possible to relate the HIC performance of steels to chemical content, inclusion levels and thermomechanical treatment parameters.

Concepts and Production Results of Heavy Wall Linepipe in Grades up to X 70 for Sour Service

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Liessem ◽  
Volker Schwinn ◽  
Jean-Pierre Jansen ◽  
Rolf K. Poepperling
Keyword(s):  
Standard Test ◽  
Pipe Production ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Special Project ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Test Requirements ◽  
Sour Service

This paper summarizes the main mechanism and influencing factors for Hydrogen Induced Cracking. The evolution of HIC test requirements over nearly 30 years for linepipe intended for sour service are reviewed. Some typical examples of the requirements for sour service pipe production at Europipe (formerly Mannesmann) developed over the past 20 years and the details of trial production of sour service pipes in grade X 70 with 30 mm wall thickness are presented. However, with the steadily increasing demands it becomes progressively more difficult to fulfill the before mentioned standard test conditions. In those cases where the overall profile of requirements (strength, toughness) can not be consistently achieved, fit-for-purpose testing methods are currently emerging. As an example the results of a pipe order, where the fit-for-purpose approach has been used to qualify the pipe for a special project, will be described.

Augmenting Tools for Reverse Engineering Methods

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Snider ◽  
Sudhakar Teegavarapu ◽  
D. Scott Hesser ◽  
Joshua D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Black Box ◽  
House Of Quality ◽  
Engineering Process ◽  
Design Efficiency ◽  
Design For Manufacture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cad Models ◽  
Product And Process ◽  
A Company

Reverse engineering has gained importance over the past few years due to an intense competitive market aiding in the survivability of a company. This paper examines the reverse engineering process and what, how, and why it can assist in making a better design. Two well known reverse engineering methodologies are explored, the first by Otto and Wood and the second by Ingle. Each methodology is compared and contrasted according to the protocols and tools used. Among some of the reverse engineering tools detailed and illustrated are: Black box, Fishbone, Function Structure, Bill of Material, Exploded CAD models, Morphological Matrix, Subtract and Operate Procedure (SOP), House of Quality matrix, and FMEA. Even though both methodologies have highly valued tools, some of the areas in reverse engineering need additional robust tooling. This paper presents new and expanded tooling to augment the existing methods in hopes of furthering the understanding of the product, and process. Tools like Reverse Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (RFMEA), Connectivity graphs, and inter-relation matrix increase the design efficiency, quality, and the understanding of the reverse engineering process. These tools have been employed in two industry projects and one demonstrative purpose for a Design for Manufacture Class. In both of these scenarios, industry and academic, the users found that the augmented tools were useful in capturing and revealing information not previously realized.

Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Stalheim ◽  
Bernhard Hoh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Sour Service

Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.

Assessment of Changes in Lake Water Chemistry in Sudbury Area Lakes since Preindustrial Times

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. 8-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushil S. Dixit ◽  
Aruna S. Dixit ◽  
John P. Smol
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lake Water Chemistry ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Inferred Ph

Surface (recent) and bottom (pre-1880s) sediment samples from each of 72 Sudbury area lakes were analyzed for diatom valves and chrysophyte scales, and using these microfossils, we inferred changes in lake water pH, [Al], [Ni], conductance, and [Ca]. The study shows that extensive acidification has occurred in presently acidic (pH < 6.0) Sudbury lakes. Inferred [Al] has also increased in these lakes. The region also contains a few naturally acidic lakes; however, even these lakes have acidified further since the bottom sediments were deposited. Lakes that have current measured pH between 6.0 and 7.0 have either declined or increased in inferred pH in the past, whereas all lakes that are presently alkaline (pH > 7.0) have become more alkaline. The increase in inferred [Ni] in most of the study lakes indicates that Ni inputs are mainly atmospheric. Our data suggest that, in general, ion concentrations have increased in Sudbury lakes. The extent of acidification or alkalification in Sudbury lakes was primarily a function of proximity of the lakes to the smelters, orientation of prevailing wind patterns, and differences in watershed geology.

scholarly journals Role of Microstructure in Susceptibility to Hydrogen Embrittlement of X70 Microalloyed Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 961-966
Author(s):  
Daniel Hejazi ◽  
Ahmed A. Saleh ◽  
Ayesha Haq ◽  
Druce Dunne ◽  
Andrzej Calka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microalloyed Steel ◽  
Hydrogen Uptake ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Steel Microstructure ◽  
Back Scattering ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Steel Processing ◽  
Bainite Microstructure ◽  
Prior Processing

The effect of phases and steel processing on hydrogen uptake (diffusible and residual), surface and internal damage were evaluated using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results have shown the fastest formation of blisters in ferrite-pearlite microstructure of strip, followed by equaixed ferrite-pearlite microstructure in normalised condition, then by ferrite-bainite microstructure. No blistering was observed in heat affected zone samples for up to 24 hrs charging. Analysis of hydrogen-induced cracking using electron back scattering diffraction has revealed that crack propagation has predominantly intragranular character without a clear preference on {001}, {110}, {112} and {123} planes and is independent of the steel microstructure and prior processing.

Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Line Pipe Steels Used in Sour Service

CORROSION ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Revie ◽  
V. S. Sastri ◽  
M. Elboujdaini ◽  
R. R. Ramsingh ◽  
Y. Lafrenière
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Steels ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Sour Service

scholarly journals Pyrazinamide Is Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cultures at Neutral pH and Low Temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 4956-4960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice L. den Hertog ◽  
Sandra Menting ◽  
Richard Pfeltz ◽  
Matthew Warns ◽  
Salman H. Siddiqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neutral Ph

ABSTRACTFor the past decades, an acidic pH has been used to renderMycobacterium tuberculosissusceptible to pyrazinamide forin vitrotesting. Here, we show that at the standard breakpoint concentration and reduced culture temperatures, pyrazinamide (PZA) is active against tuberculosis (TB) at neutral pH. This finding should help unravel the mechanism of action of PZA and allow drug susceptibility testing (DST) methods to be optimized.

Modeling Nucleation of Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Steels during Sour Service

2011 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 983-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Crack Nucleation ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Sour Service ◽  
Gibbs Theory

A model, which can be used to illustrate the process of nucleation of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in steels during sour service, was developed with the aid of Gibbs theory. A set of criteria for crack nucleation were then derived from the model. Metallurgical parameters influencing the criteria and thusly the susceptibility of the material to HIC, which are measurable and controllable in industrial processing, were also advanced in the present article.

Effects of Microstructural Inhomogeneity on HIC Susceptibility and HIC Evaluation Methods for Linepipe Steels for Sour Service

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu Tae Kim ◽  
Sang Gi Ko ◽  
Jong Man Han
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Acicular Ferrite ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Polygonal Ferrite ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Pipe Steels ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Microstructural Inhomogeneity ◽  
Hydrogen Induced Cracking ◽  
Sour Service

It has been well documented that slab internal quality is one of the key factors for reduced susceptibility of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in line pipe steels designed for sour gas service. In addition, the creation of a homogeneous microstructure which is heavily influenced by the slab internal quality is also a critical key parameter to reduce the HIC susceptibility in higher strength line pipe steel grade X60 and above. For the application of deep sea linepipe exposed to higher external pressure environments, heavy gauge in combination with higher strength steel is essential. Homogeneity of the steel microstructure is a key to success for thicker plates used in sour service HIC applications in combination with a deep sea environment. In this paper, various microstructures were compared along with an evaluation of the effects of the various microstructures on HIC susceptibility in grades X52, X65 and X70 designed for sour service. The various microstructures compared consisted of polygonal ferrite and pearlite in the X52 and polygonal ferrite, pearlite, acicular ferrite and bainite in the X65 and X70. The effect of microstructural inhomogeneity on HIC susceptibility was comparatively lower for the X52 than that of the X65 and X70. The microstructure of grade X65 and X70 were different due to the different conditions of rolling and cooling that were applied. Grades X65/X70 had a microstructure of polygonal ferrite/pearlite with bainite islands that resulted in a high crack length ratio (CLR) value caused by different hardness regions across the microstructural matrix. A homogeneous fine acicular ferrite microstructure produced by optimizing temperature control during rolling and cooling showed no hydrogen induced cracking. In addition, this alloy/process/microstructure design resulted in improved toughness results in low temperature drop weight tear test (DWTT). This paper will describe the successful production results of plate and pipe for high strength heavier gauge line pipe steels with highly homogeneous microstructures designed for sour service by controlling chemical design and process conditions in rolling and cooling. In addition, HIC evaluation methods utilizing both a traditional NACE TM0284 method versus that of a Scan-UT method were conducted and compared. A proposal to make the NACE TM0284 testing method more reliable by using Scan-UT method will be presented.

The Concept of “Stress” in the Biological and Social Sciences

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence E. Hinkle
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Biologic Agents ◽  
Adequate Explanation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mechanical Models ◽  
Living Organisms

The concept of “stress” was applied to biological and social systems in the first half of this century because it appeared to provide an explanation for the apparently “non-specific” effects of biologic agents, and for the occurrence of illness as a part of the response of people to their social environment. Evidence subsequently accumulated has confirmed that a large proportion of the manifestations of disease are produced by reaction of the host and not directly by the “causal agents” of disease, and that the components of the host's reactions are not in themselves “specific” to any given “causal agent”; it has confirmed that reactions of people to other people, or to the social environment may influence any physiological process or any disease; but it has also indicated that the concept of “stress” does not provide an adequate explanation for these phenomena. Living organisms are highly ordered and complex biological organizations that maintain themselves precariously over a limited period of time by the interchange of energy and information with the environment. Their reactions to the environment are complex and highly ordered, are based upon information, and are communicative and “logical” in nature. Although the components are “not specific,” the reactions themselves may be highly specific to the stimulus that initiates them. These reactions are not random but are “directed” (apparently “purposeful”) and tend to preserve the integrity of the organism, and the integrity of its relation to its social group and to its environment. The concept of “stress,” which was derived partly from popular usage, and based upon 18th and 19th century mechanical models of “force,” “counterforce,” and “distortion,” does not provide a meaningful scientific description of organism-environment relationships. These are better described by other concepts. The “stress concept” was heuristically valuable in the past, but it is no longer necessary, and it is in some ways hampering at the present.

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