Experimental and Computational Characterization of a Heat Sink Tester

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalok Trivedi ◽  
Nikhil Lakhkar ◽  
Madhusudhan Iyengar ◽  
Michael Ellsworth ◽  
Roger Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Junction Temperature ◽  
Air Cooling

With the continuing industry trends towards smaller, faster and higher power devices, thermal management continues to be extremely important in the development of electronics. In this era of high heat fluxes, air cooling still remains the primary cooling solution in desktops mainly due to its cost. The primary goal of a good thermal design is to ensure that the chip can function at its rated frequency or speed while maintaining the junction temperature within the specified limit. The first and foremost step in measurement of thermal resistance and hence thermal characterization is accurate determination of junction temperature. Use of heat sinks as a thermal solution is well documented in the literature. Previously, the liquid cooled cold plate tester was studied using a different approach and it was concluded that the uncertainty in heat transfer coefficient was within 8% with errors in appropriate parameters, this result was supported by detailed uncertainty analysis based on Monte-Carlo simulations. However, in that study the tester was tested computationally. In this paper, testing and characterization of a heat sink tester is presented. Heat sinks were tested according to JEDEC JESD 16.1 standard for forced convection. It was observed that the error between computational and experimental values of thermal resistances was 10% for the cases considered.

Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Compact Liquid Cooled Heat Sinks

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zugic ◽  
J. R. Culham ◽  
P. Teertstra ◽  
Y. Muzychka ◽  
K. Horne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Boundary Resistance ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Design Tools

Compact, liquid cooled heat sinks are used in applications where high heat fluxes and boundary resistance preclude the use of more traditional air cooling techniques. Four different liquid cooled heat sink designs, whose core geometry is formed by overlapped ribbed plates, are examined. The objective of this analysis is to develop models that can be used as design tools for the prediction of overall heat transfer and pressure drop of heat sinks. Models are validated for Reynolds numbers between 300 and 5000 using experimental tests. The agreement between the experiments and the models ranges from 2.35% to 15.3% RMS.

Characterization of Light Weight Heat Sink Materials for Thermal Management of Electronics

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tunc Icoz ◽  
Mehmet Arik ◽  
John T. Dardis
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Thermal Management Of Electronics ◽  
Thermal Solution

Thermal management of electronics is a critical part of maintaining high efficiency and reliability. Adequate cooling must be balanced with weight and volumetric requirements, especially for passive air-cooling solutions in electronics applications where space and weight are at a premium. It should be noted that there are systems where thermal solution takes more than 95% of the total weight of the system. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and utilize advanced materials to design low weight and compact systems. Many of the advanced materials have anisotropic thermal properties and their performances depend strongly on taking advantage of superior properties in the desired directions. Therefore, control of thermal conductivity plays an important role in utilization of such materials for cooling applications. Because of the complexity introduced by anisotropic properties, thermal performances of advanced materials are yet to be fully understood. Present study is an experimental and computational study on characterization of thermal performances of advanced materials for heat sink applications. Numerical simulations and experiments are performed to characterize thermal performances of four different materials. An estimated weight savings in excess of 75% with lightweight materials are observed compared to the traditionally used heat sinks.

Enabling Thermal Management of High-Powered Server Processors Using Passive Thermosiphon Heat Sink

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdatta P. Kulkarni ◽  
Priyanka Tunuguntla ◽  
Guixiang Tan ◽  
Casey Carte
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
High Power ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Liquid Cooling ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Pipe Heat

Abstract In recent years, rapid growth is seen in computer and server processors in terms of thermal design power (TDP) envelope. This is mainly due to increase in processor core count, increase in package thermal resistance, challenges in multi-chip integration and maintaining generational performance CAGR. At the same time, several other platform level components such as PCIe cards, graphics cards, SSDs and high power DIMMs are being added in the same chassis which increases the server level power density. To mitigate cooling challenges of high TDP processors, mainly two cooling technologies are deployed: Liquid cooling and advanced air cooling. To deploy liquid cooling technology for servers in data centers, huge initial capital investment is needed. Hence advanced air-cooling thermal solutions are being sought that can be used to cool higher TDP processors as well as high power non-CPU components using same server level airflow boundary conditions. Current air-cooling solutions like heat pipe heat sinks, vapor chamber heat sinks are limited by the heat transfer area, heat carrying capacity and would need significantly more area to cool higher TDP than they could handle. Passive two-phase thermosiphon (gravity dependent) heat sinks may provide intermediate level cooling between traditional air-cooled heat pipe heat sinks and liquid cooling with higher reliability, lower weight and lower cost of maintenance. This paper illustrates the experimental results of a 2U thermosiphon heat sink used in Intel reference 2U, 2 node system and compare thermal performance using traditional heat sinks solutions. The objective of this study was to showcase the increased cooling capability of the CPU by at least 20% over traditional heat sinks while maintaining cooling capability of high-power non-CPU components such as Intel’s DIMMs. This paper will also describe the methodology that will be used for DIMMs serviceability without removing CPU thermal solution, which is critical requirement from data center use perspective.

A Review of Two-Phase Forced Cooling in Three-Dimensional Stacked Electronics: Technology Integration

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Green ◽  
Peter Kottke ◽  
Xuefei Han ◽  
Casey Woodrum ◽  
Thomas Sarvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
High Heat Flux ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Forced Cooling ◽  
Fluidic Routing

Three-dimensional (3D) stacked electronics present significant advantages from an electrical design perspective, ranging from shorter interconnect lengths to enabling heterogeneous integration. However, multitier stacking exacerbates an already difficult thermal problem. Localized hotspots within individual tiers can provide an additional challenge when the high heat flux region is buried within the stack. Numerous investigations have been launched in the previous decade seeking to develop cooling solutions that can be integrated within the 3D stack, allowing the cooling to scale with the number of tiers in the system. Two-phase cooling is of particular interest, because the associated reduced flow rates may allow reduction in pumping power, and the saturated temperature condition of the coolant may offer enhanced device temperature uniformity. This paper presents a review of the advances in two-phase forced cooling in the past decade, with a focus on the challenges of integrating the technology in high heat flux 3D systems. A holistic approach is applied, considering not only the thermal performance of standalone cooling strategies but also coolant selection, fluidic routing, packaging, and system reliability. Finally, a cohesive approach to thermal design of an evaporative cooling based heat sink developed by the authors is presented, taking into account all of the integration considerations discussed previously. The thermal design seeks to achieve the dissipation of very large (in excess of 500 W/cm2) background heat fluxes over a large 1 cm × 1 cm chip area, as well as extreme (in excess of 2 kW/cm2) hotspot heat fluxes over small 200 μm × 200 μm areas, employing a hybrid design strategy that combines a micropin–fin heat sink for background cooling as well as localized, ultrathin microgaps for hotspot cooling.

scholarly journals Optimal design of subcooled triangular microchannel heat sink exchangers with variable heat loads for high performance cooling

2021 ◽  
Vol 2116 (1) ◽  
pp. 012052
Author(s):  
David Olugbenga Ariyo ◽  
Tunde Bello-Ochende
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Geometric Optimization ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Subcooled Flow Boiling ◽  
Subcooled Flow ◽  
Microchannel Heat Sinks

Abstract Deionized water at a temperature of 25 °C was used as the cooling fluid and aluminium as the heat sink material in the geometric optimization and parameter modelling of subcooled flow boiling in horizontal equilateral triangular microchannel heat sinks. The thermal resistances of the microchannels were minimized subject to fixed volume constraints of the heat sinks and microchannels. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS code used for both the simulations and the optimizations was validated by the available experimental data in the literature and the agreement was good. Fixed heat fluxes between 100 and 500 W/cm2 and velocities between 0.1 and 7.0 m/s were used in the study. Despite the relatively high heat fluxes in this study, the base temperatures of the optimal microchannel heat sinks were within the acceptable operating range for modern electronics. The pumping power requirements for the optimal microchannels are low, indicating that they can be used in the cooling of electronic devices.

Development of Heat Sinks for Air Cooling and Water Cooling Using Lotus-Type Porous Metals

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chiba ◽  
T. Ogushi ◽  
H. Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
High Heat Transfer ◽  
Micro Channels

In recent years, since heat dissipation rates and high frequency electronic devices have been increasing, a heat sink with high heat transfer performance is required to cool these devices. Heat sink utilizing micro-channels with several ten microns are expected to provide an excellent cooling performance because of their high heat transfer capacities due to small channel. Therefore, various porous materials such as cellular metals have been investigated for heat sink applications. However, heat sink using conventional porous materials has a high pressure drop because the cooling fluid flow through the pores is complex. Among the described porous materials, a lotus-type porous metal with straight pores is preferable for heat sinks due to the small pressured drop. In present work, cooling performance of the lotus copper heat sink for air cooling and water cooling is introduced. The experimental data for air cooling show 13.2 times higher than that for the conventional groove fins. And, the data for the water cooling show 1.7 times higher than that for the micro-channels. It is concluded that lotus copper heat sink is the most prospective candidate for high power electronics devices.

Vapor Chambers in Blade Server CPU Cooling Solutions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Connors
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
High Heat Flux ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Vapor Chamber ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Blade System ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Aluminum Base

Current blade processors need air cooling solutions that dissipate 100–300 watts with heat sinks that are less than 30 mm high. In order to cool these processors, the heat sink base has to grow in length and width to compensate for the lack of available height. As these dimensions grow, decreasing the base spreading of the heat sink becomes an important factor is decreasing the overall resistance of the heat sink. A vapor chamber used as a substitute to common copper or aluminum as the base of the heat sink can increase performance by 20–25%. A vapor chamber is a two phase heat transport system that significantly reduces the spreading resistance in applications where there is a high heat flux processor coupled with a large heat sink. In this paper, a CFD model will be constructed to predict the performance gains realized by using a vapor chamber base in lieu of a copper or aluminum base. These predictions will then be experimentally tested to confirm the modeling parameters and the actual measured thermal performance of the heat sink. By utilizing vapor chambers in heat sink design, thermal engineers will gain valuable heat sink performance within the constraints imposed by the blade system architecture.

An Experimental Approach for Thermal Characterization of Water-Cooled Heat Sinks Using Fourier Analysis Techniques

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-517
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Salem ◽  
Stephen B. Bayne ◽  
Don Porschet
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Thermal Capacitance ◽  
Effect Transistor

As power electronic applications continue to switch higher levels of voltage and current in smaller-sized component packages, the resulting increase in power density requires efficient thermal management. This paper compares the thermal performance for operating a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor on a water-cooled pole-arrayed heat sink versus a novel water-cooled microchannel heat sink. Details are presented on an innovative technique using Fourier analysis techniques for determining the thermal capacitance modeling parameter for the heat sinks from experimental data.

scholarly journals Thermal modeling and characterization for designing reliable power converters for LHC power supplies

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Massimo Lazzaroni ◽  
Mauro Citterio ◽  
Stefano Latorre ◽  
Agostino Lanza ◽  
Paolo Cova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
Power Converters ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Power Supplies

<p>Power supplies for LHC experiments (ATLAS) require DC-DC power converters able to work in very hostile environments. The APOLLO collaboration, funded by the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), aims to study dedicated topologies and to design, build and test demonstrators, developing the needed technology for the industrialization phase.</p><p>Besides the presence of radiation and magnetic fields, thermal specifications are particularly stringent in the working environment. In order to have the wanted features in terms of reliability and availability during the experimental activity, these power electronics circuits must be cooled by specifically designed water heat sinks, and an accurate thermal design is mandatory in order to guarantee safe and reliable operation. Moreover, an optimized thermal design allows to have a maintenance strategy in compliance with the requirements of the experiments.</p><p>In this paper thermal characterization is used for tuning a coupled thermo-fluid-dynamic 3D numerical model, for both the water heat sink and the whole system. Based on this model an optimized water heat sink was designed and fabricated. Thermal characterization of the power converter demonstrator in different operating conditions shows good agreement with simulation results.</p>

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