Novel Application-Specific LED Packages Integrated With Compact Freeform Lens

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wang ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Zongyuan Liu ◽  
Xiaobing Luo ◽  
Sheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Light Output ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Street Lighting ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Led Array ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Freeform Lens

It has been widely accepted that solid state lighting, in terms of white light emitting diodes (LEDs), will be the fourth illumination sources due to their superior performance. In this study, an effective compact freeform lens design method for LED packaging was introduced. A compact silicone LED packaging lens with the refract index of 1.54 was designed for street lighting based on this method. Integrated with this small lens, a novel application-specific LED package, whose manufacturing process can be easily integrated into current LED packaging processes, was suggested. Two application-specific LED array modules, with the type of chip on board (CoB) package, were also designed by integrating 3×3 freeform silicone and polycarbonate (PC) lens arrays. Numerical simulation results demonstrated that the optical performances of these application-specific LED modules could directly meet the requirements of street lighting. By comparing with the traditional LED illumination module consisting of an LED and secondary optics, the novel application-specific LED packages have the advantages of low profile, small volume, high light output efficiency (LOE), low cost and convenience for customers to use, and they will probably become the trend of LED packages, providing more cost-effective solution to general lighting.

scholarly journals Co-Design of CVT-Based Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Caiyang Wei ◽  
Theo Hofman ◽  
Esin Ilhan Caarls
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Design Freedom

For an electric vehicle (EV) with a continuously variable transmission (CVT), a novel convex programming (CP)-based co-design method is proposed to minimize the total-cost-of-ownership (TCO). The integration of the electric machine (EM) and the CVT is the primary focus. The optimized system with co-design reduces the TCO by around 5.9% compared to a non-optimized CVT-based EV (based on off-the-shelf components) and by around 2% compared to the EV equipped with a single-speed transmission (SST). By taking advantage of the control and design freedom provided by the CVT, the optimal CVT, EM and battery sizes are found to reduce the system cost. It simultaneously finds the optimal CVT speed ratio and air-flow rate of the cooling system reducing the energy consumption. The strength of co-design is highlighted by comparing to a sequential design, and insights into the design of a low-power EV that is energy-efficient and cost-effective for urban driving are provided. A highly integrated EM-CVT system, which is efficient, low-cost and lightweight, can be expected for future EV applications.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Dielectric Substrate for Designing Low Profile Multiband Monopole Microstrip Antenna

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahsan ◽  
M. T. Islam ◽  
M. Habib Ullah ◽  
H. Arshad ◽  
M. F. Mansor
Keyword(s):  
Microstrip Antenna ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Radiation Patterns ◽  
Polymer Resin ◽  
Full Wave ◽  
Low Profile

This paper proposes a small sized, low-cost multiband monopole antenna which can cover the WiMAX bands and C-band. The proposed antenna of 20 × 20 mm2radiating patch is printed on cost effective 1.6 mm thick fiberglass polymer resin dielectric material substrate and fed by 4 mm long microstrip line. The finite element method based, full wave electromagnetic simulator HFSS is efficiently utilized for designing and analyzing the proposed antenna and the antenna parameters are measured in a standard far-field anechoic chamber. The experimental results show that the prototype of the antenna has achieved operating bandwidths (voltage stand wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2) 360 MHz (2.53–2.89 GHz) and 440 MHz (3.47–3.91 GHz) for WiMAX and 1550 MHz (6.28–7.83 GHz) for C-band. The simulated and measured results for VSWR, radiation patterns, and gain are well matched. Nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns are achieved and the peak gains are of 3.62 dBi, 3.67 dBi, and 5.7 dBi at 2.66 GHz, 3.65 GHz, and 6.58 GHz, respectively.

scholarly journals Architecture and implementation of a high frame-rate stereo vision system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamin Islam
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Stereo Vision System

For the purpose of autonomous satellite grasping, a high-speed, low-cost stereo vision system is required with high accuracy. This type of system must be able to detect an object and estimate its range. Hardware solutions are often chosen over software solutions, which tend to be too slow for high frame-rate applications. Designs utilizing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide flexibility and are cost effective versus solutions that provide similar performance (i.e., Application Specific Integrated Circuits). This thesis presents the architecture and implementation of a high frame-rate stereo vision system based on an FPGA platform. The system acquires stereo images, performs stereo rectification and generates disparity estimates at frame-rates close to 100 fpSi and on a large-enough FPGA, it can process 200 fps. The implementation presents novelties in performance and in the choice of the algorithm implemented. It achieves superior performance to existing systems that estimate scene depth. Furthermore, it demonstrates equivalent accuracy to software implementations of the dynamic programming maximum likelihood stereo correspondence algorithm.

VAWT versus HAWT: a comparative performance study of 2–6 MW rated capacity turbines

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Paraschivoiu ◽  
Sami Ammar ◽  
Farooq Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Wind Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Comparative Performance

Growing quantities of low-cost wind power still require predictable, supportive regulatory environments and appropriate market designs. The challenge of integrating greater amounts of variable wind power into the grid is a growing concern that must be addressed. For offshore wind — still at early stages of the deployment journey — much remains to be accomplished to develop and integrate large-scale systems and to reduce costs. In this study, aerodynamic performance and feasibility of multi-megawatt vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) is compared to existing, similarly rated horizontal axis wind turbines. Two types of three-bladed VAWTs have been designed, one with the Darrieus (H-type) and the other with the Troposkien (Φ-type) rotor configuration, in the 2, 4, and 6 MW rated capacity range based on an optimal parametric study. This comparative performance study shows that VAWTs are not only characterized by superior performance but also exhibit a very simple design that is cost effective from both manufacturing and maintenance perspectives.

scholarly journals Compact N-Band Tree-Shaped Multiplexer-Based Antenna Structures for 5G/IoT Mobile Devices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6366
Author(s):  
Amélia Ramos ◽  
Tiago Varum ◽  
João N. Matos
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Dual Band ◽  
Selective Feeding ◽  
Band Structures ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Low Profile

This paper presents a simple, compact and low-cost design method that allows one to obtain low-profile multi-band antennas for the overcrowded future generation networks, which are widely versatile and very heterogeneous in the K/Ka bands. The proposed antennas comprise n radiating monopoles, one for each of the desired operating frequencies, along with a frequency selective feeding network fed at a single point. This concept enables a single antenna to be shared with different radio-frequency (RF) frontends, potentially saving space. Typically, with n-band structures the biggest challenge is to make them highly efficient and here this is assured by multiplexing the frequency, and thus isolating each of the monopoles, allowing the design of scalable structures which fit the 5G applications. Based on the vision proposed here, a dual-band and a tri-band structures were built and characterized by their main parameters. Both prototypes achieved peak efficiencies around 80%, with adequate bandwidths and gains, as well as great compactness.

scholarly journals FPGA-Based Cost-Effective and Resource Optimized Solution of Predictive Direct Current Control for Power Converters

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7669
Author(s):  
Deepa Sankar ◽  
Lakshmi Syamala ◽  
Babu Chembathu Ayyappan ◽  
Mathew Kallarackal
Keyword(s):  
Direct Current ◽  
Power Converters ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Efficient Implementation ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Direct Current Control ◽  
Finite State

Recent advances in power converter applications with highly demanding control goals require the efficient implementation of superior control strategies. However, the real-time application of such control strategies demands high computational power that necessitates efficient digital controllers like field programmable gate array (FPGA). The inherent parallelism offered by FPGAs minimizes the execution time and exhibits an excellent cost-performance trade-off. In addition, rapid advancements in FPGA technology with a broad portfolio of intellectual property (IP) cores, design tools, and robust embedded processors resulted in a design paradigm shift. This article proposes a low-cost solution for the resource-optimized implementation of dynamic, highly accurate, and computationally intensive finite state-predictive direct current control (FS-PDCC). The challenges for implementing complex control algorithms for power converters are discussed in detail, and the control is implemented in Intel’s low-cost non-volatile FPGA-MAX®10. An efficient design methodology using finite state machine (FSM) is adopted to achieve time/resource-efficient implementation. The parallel and pipelined architecture of FPGA provides better resource utilization with high execution speed. The experimental results prove the efficiency of FPGA-based cost-effective solutions that offer superior performance with better output quality.

scholarly journals Architecture and implementation of a high frame-rate stereo vision system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamin Islam
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
High Frame Rate ◽  
Stereo Vision System

For the purpose of autonomous satellite grasping, a high-speed, low-cost stereo vision system is required with high accuracy. This type of system must be able to detect an object and estimate its range. Hardware solutions are often chosen over software solutions, which tend to be too slow for high frame-rate applications. Designs utilizing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) provide flexibility and are cost effective versus solutions that provide similar performance (i.e., Application Specific Integrated Circuits). This thesis presents the architecture and implementation of a high frame-rate stereo vision system based on an FPGA platform. The system acquires stereo images, performs stereo rectification and generates disparity estimates at frame-rates close to 100 fpSi and on a large-enough FPGA, it can process 200 fps. The implementation presents novelties in performance and in the choice of the algorithm implemented. It achieves superior performance to existing systems that estimate scene depth. Furthermore, it demonstrates equivalent accuracy to software implementations of the dynamic programming maximum likelihood stereo correspondence algorithm.

ASSESSMENT OF THE PLATELET COUNT IN THE PREGNANT WOMEN IN IGIMS, PATNA, BIHAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanwi Singh ◽  
Anshuman Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Platelet Indices ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Platelet Count ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

The major risk associated with low platelet count in pregnancy is the increased risk of bleeding during the childbirth or post that. There is an increased blood supply to the uterus during pregnancy and the surgical procedure requires cutting of major blood vessels. Women with thrombocytopenia are at increased risk of losing excessive blood. The risk is more in case of caesarean delivery as compared to vaginal delivery. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for Assessment of the Platelet Count in the Pregnant Women in IGIMS, Patna, Bihar. The present study was planned in Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India. The present study was planned from duration of January 2019 to June 2019. In the present study 200 pregnant females samples received for the platelet estimation were enrolled in the present study. Clinically platelet indices can be a useful screening test for early identification of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Also platelet indices can assess the prognosis of this disease in pregnant women and can be used as an effective prognostic marker because it correlates with severity of the disease. Platelet count is a simple, low cost, and rapid routine screening test. Hence the data generated from the present study concludes that platelet count can be used as a simple and cost effective tool to monitor the progression of preeclampsia, thereby preventing complications to develop during the gestational period. Keywords: Platelet Count, Pregnant Women, IGIMS, Patna, Bihar, etc.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Boland ◽  
Chris E. Hogan ◽  
Marilyn F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Firm Response ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
The Impact

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage “check the box” behavior. Future research should examine the impact of mandatory existence disclosure rules in the year that the regulation is implemented. Data Availability: Data are available from sources cited in the text.

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