Using Simple Structural Beam Model to Optimize for Bending Stiffness and Vibration in Automotive Structures

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Wood ◽  
Ahmad Barari ◽  
Ebrahim Esmailzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Beam Elements ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Comfortable Ride

Prior research has shown that the design of a vehicle’s structure has a substantial impact on its overall performance under static loading [1], since the structure affects other components of the vehicle aside from the body. In addition to the past research, dynamic loading is added in this paper as a parameter for design. Bending stiffness and weight are still important factors to consider, since a stiffer structure (higher stiffness) means longer life and stability. A lighter vehicle translates to better fuel economy, lower cost and higher performance. Simple Structural Beams are used to model the structure, where several beam elements are used in the setup. The cross-section properties are analyzed to determine the structure’s weight, bending stiffness, natural frequency and amplitude of vibration. In order to find an acceptable solution, the design must avoid the possibility of resonance. Vibration has a large impact on a structure’s performance, the larger the amplitude, the more uncomfortable the ride is. The goal of this research is to obtain a design that will optimize for vibration and for bending stiffness and weight. The purpose of the optimized design is to provide the best performance and most comfortable ride to the driver. The optimization process is automated iteratively and solves for the beam dimensions that correspond to the optimized parameters.

Using the Simple Structural Beam (SSB) Model to Optimize and Analyze Automotive Structures for Bending Stiffness and Natural Frequency

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Wood ◽  
Ahmad Barari ◽  
Ebrahim Esmailzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Beam Elements ◽  
Fundamental Natural Frequency ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Vehicle Structure

When designing a vehicle structure, an optimum design is desired because the structure has a significant impact on its performance. The structure impacts other components in the vehicle as well. The designing process usually involves complex iteration. Analyses must be done at the early stage of the vehicle’s development (body-in-white) to minimize the amount of parameter changes needed during the late stage of development. Successfully implementing this strategy reduces the time and cost required to develop an effective vehicle structure. A method known as Simple Structural Surfaces can be used to model the vehicle structure as several planar sheets, as well as determine the forces in each sheet. The downside of using this method is that by using it, determining the deflections in the structure is difficult. In order to eliminate this difficulty, the vehicle is modeled as several beam elements instead. In this method, a finite element method is used to numerically solve for the deflections, reaction forces, and internal loading on each element of the structure. This Simple Structural Beam model can be adapted to allow optimization of the static property of the structure bending stiffness. Dynamic properties of the vehicle structure are also examined through vibration analysis, by determining the fundamental natural frequency of the structure. Vibration also has a large impact on the structure’s performance. The goal of the research is to obtain a design that will optimize the static and dynamic properties of the vehicle’s structure. In the beam elements, the parameters involved are the length, orientation, cross-sectional area, and moment of inertia. The optimizing process is automated and determines the beam dimensions with largest stiffness to weight ratio. The fundamental natural frequency calculated must be distant from the frequency of the engine, as resonance is also a concern for structural performance. Resonance occurs when the natural frequency of the system is equal to the frequency of a connecting component. This increases the amplitude of vibration significantly and is undesirable for any structural design.

scholarly journals Beam Theory of Thermal–Electro-Mechanical Coupling for Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 923
Author(s):  
Kun Huang ◽  
Ji Yao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Beam Theory ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Euler Beam ◽  
New Model ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Electrostatic Fields

The potential application field of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is immense, due to their remarkable mechanical and electrical properties. However, their mechanical properties under combined physical fields have not attracted researchers’ attention. For the first time, the present paper proposes beam theory to model SWCNTs’ mechanical properties under combined temperature and electrostatic fields. Unlike the classical Bernoulli–Euler beam model, this new model has independent extensional stiffness and bending stiffness. Static bending, buckling, and nonlinear vibrations are investigated through the classical beam model and the new model. The results show that the classical beam model significantly underestimates the influence of temperature and electrostatic fields on the mechanical properties of SWCNTs because the model overestimates the bending stiffness. The results also suggest that it may be necessary to re-examine the accuracy of the classical beam model of SWCNTs.

scholarly journals Clostridial Spores for Cancer Therapy: Targeting Solid Tumour Microenvironment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Umer ◽  
David Good ◽  
Jozef Anné ◽  
Wei Duan ◽  
Ming Q. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Solid Tumour ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Tumours ◽  
Current Status

Solid tumour accounts for 90% of all cancers. The current treatment approach for most solid tumours is surgery, however it is limited to early stage tumours. Other treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are non-selective, thus causing damage to both healthy and cancerous tissue. Past research has focused on understanding tumour cells themselves, and conventional wisdom has aimed at targeting these cells directly. Recent research has shifted towards understanding the tumour microenvironment and it’s differences from that of healthy cells/tissues in the body and then to exploit these differences for treatmeat of the tumour. One such approach is utilizing anaerobic bacteria. Several strains of bacteria have been shown to selectively colonize in solid tumours, making them valuable tools for selective tumour targeting and destruction. Amongst them, the anaerobicClostridiumhas shown great potential in penetration and colonization of the hypoxic and necrotic areas of the tumour microenvironment, causing significant oncolysis as well as enabling the delivery of therapeutics directly to the tumourin situ. Various strategies utilizingClostridiumare currently being investigated, and represent a novel area of emerging cancer therapy. This review provides an update review of tumour microenvironment as well as summary of the progresses and current status of Clostridial spore-based cancer therapies.

Prediction of Sound Transmission Loss for Finite Sandwich Panels Based on a Test Procedure on Beam Elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongchang Qian ◽  
Daoqing Chang ◽  
Bilong Liu ◽  
Ke Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sandwich Panel ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Sandwich Panels ◽  
Sound Transmission ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Sound Transmission Loss ◽  
Modal Expansion ◽  
Beam Elements

An approach on the prediction of sound transmission loss for a finite sandwich panel with honeycomb core is described in the paper. The sandwich panel is treated as orthotropic and the apparent bending stiffness in two principal directions is estimated by means of simple tests on beam elements cut from the sandwich panel. Utilizing orthotropic panel theory, together with the obtained bending stiffness in two directions, the sound transmission loss of simply-supported sandwich panel is predicted by the modal expansion method. Simulation results indicated that dimension, orthotropy, and loss factor may play important roles on sound transmission loss of sandwich panel. The predicted transmission loss is compared with measured data and the agreement is reasonable. This approach may provide an efficient tool to predict the sound transmission loss of finite sandwich panels.

scholarly journals Global and Comparative Leadership

Management ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Von Glinow ◽  
William D. Schneper
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of

The body of research related to global leadership is both vast and confounding. Some observers trace the field’s domain back thousands of years to the first rulers and military commanders with worldwide aspirations or to religious and spiritual figures such as Abraham, Laozi, Gautama Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad. Within the business context, the literature is considerably younger but still includes some of the earliest international management classics, such as Perlmutter 1969 (cited under Global Mindset) and Levitt 1983 (cited under Globalization). Despite the accomplishments of past research, critics contend that our understanding of global leadership has progressed too slowly. Joyce Osland, in Osland 2008 (cited under Developing Global Leaders and Ensuring Effectiveness), compares the state of the field to the earliest phases of domestic leadership scholarship. Indeed, the bulk of the literature remains conceptual, normative, and prescriptive. There is a scarcity of rigorous ethnographic work, and quantitative studies often focus more on measuring and comparing rather than developing and testing complex theory. Even the definition of global leadership is uncertain. This is partially due to the breadth and diversity of leadership research in general. As Ralph Stogdill noted as far back as 1974, “there are almost as many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept” (Handbook of Leadership, New York: Free Press, p. 259). Hollenbeck 2009 (cited under Traditional Leadership Theories) finds global leadership to be “even more mysterious, with something about the term that beckons interested writers and researchers to offer their own definitions. There is a temptation to dance on the head of a definitional pin” (p. 5). In other words, the definition of global leadership depends on one’s personal inclinations and theoretical starting point. Global leadership means something different to managers and policymakers, as it does for scholars in organizational behavior, strategy, or psychology. To encompass such diverse perspectives, we define global leadership broadly as the capacity to bring about change and enhance organizational performance across national borders. This capacity in turn requires the skills and acumen to influence and energize employees, business partners, and other organizational stakeholders. Closely related and overlapping with the study of global leadership, the cross-country or comparative leadership field explores the similarities and differences in leadership traits and practices across countries, which helps explain the aspects of leadership that are generally universal across countries, or largely dependent upon the unique institutional and country context.

Business model innovation: past research, current debates, and future directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mokter Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Business Model Innovation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Of Knowledge

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about business model innovation (BMI) and suggest avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review approach was adopted with thematic analysis being conducted on 92 articles. Findings The body of knowledge for this concept is in its infancy and is highly fragmented. This study therefore attempts to consolidate this fragmented knowledge. It reveals dominant themes, establishes coherence, and identifies conflicting arguments in the current literature. It also points out gaps in the research and highlights new directions for research. Research limitations/implications This study analyzed articles that were found based on a systematic literature review approach. Practical implications This study identifies some fundamental issues that managers need to understand regarding BMI. Originality/value The main value of this study lies in its synthesis of the current knowledge of BMI.

scholarly journals Solution of Contact Problems for Nonlinear Gao Beam and Obstacle

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Machalová ◽  
H. Netuka
Keyword(s):  
Solution Method ◽  
Mixed Finite Element ◽  
Mixed Finite Element Method ◽  
Contact Problems ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Beam Elements ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Euler Bernoulli Beam ◽  
Bernoulli Beam Model

Contact problem for a large deformed beam with an elastic obstacle is formulated, analyzed, and numerically solved. The beam model is governed by a nonlinear fourth-order differential equation developed by Gao, while the obstacle is considered as the elastic foundation of Winkler’s type in some distance under the beam. The problem is static without a friction and modeled either using Signorini conditions or by means of normal compliance contact conditions. The problems are then reformulated as optimal control problems which is useful both for theoretical aspects and for solution methods. Discretization is based on using the mixed finite element method with independent discretization and interpolations for foundation and beam elements. Numerical examples demonstrate usefulness of the presented solution method. Results for the nonlinear Gao beam are compared with results for the classical Euler-Bernoulli beam model.

Implications, Limitations, and Future Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Ict Tools ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Implications

This chapter aims to explain the different implications of the research results, including theoretical implications, and how the findings contribute to the body of knowledge, and the practical implications for managers and decision makers in organizations. These include how they could use the research findings to achieve better results in customer, employee, society, and overall performance areas by developing the right types of organizational culture and using the right ICT tools. This chapter also sets out the research limitations and provides recommendations for future research based on the findings and experience from this study.

Systematic Literature Review on Narratives in Organizations: Research Issues and Avenues for Future Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Sahni ◽  
Chandranshu Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Personal Narratives ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Narrative as a method is an interpretive approach of sharing individual experiences and beliefs that facilitates knowledge and generates human responses. The purpose of this study is to review the body of literature available using narratology in organization studies. This article employs a systematic literature review of 186 research articles in 94 identified journals from the year 1995 to 2014 that were subsequently evaluated for analysis. The review identifies five different approaches used by the narrative researchers across disciplines—content analysis (case study method), structural analysis, oral narratives and personal narratives, their contribution and spread in organizations. This article attempts to reinforce the significance of taking narratives as a methodology in organizations by providing a systematic overview of past research works in organizational settings. The study also summarizes the analytical approaches of narrative analysis used in 186 articles, which might underpin the qualitative research and provide some practical advice for those who wish to use narrative analysis in future.

Design of Compliant Bamboo Poles for Carrying Loads

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karna Potwar ◽  
Jeffrey Ackerman ◽  
Justin Seipel
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Material Design ◽  
The Body ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Predictive Design ◽  
Force Reduction ◽  
Heavy Loads

Carriage of heavy loads is common in developing countries and can impart large repetitive forces on the body that could lead to musculoskeletal fatigue and injury. Compliant bamboo poles have been used to carry heavy loads in Asia for generations and could be a low-cost, sustainable, and culturally acceptable way to minimize the forces acting on the body during load carriage. Experimental evidence of running with a 15 kg load suspended from a pair of compliant poly(vinyl chloride), or PVC, poles shows that the poles act as a vibration-isolating suspension, which can reduce the peak forces on the body during locomotion. However, it is currently not well-understood how to design and optimize poles for load carrying such that the peak forces on the body are minimized during carrying. Further, current users of bamboo poles do not have a reliable way to measure forces on the body and so cannot empirically optimize their poles for force reduction. Our objective is to determine the geometric and material design parameters that optimize bamboo poles for load carriage and to develop recommendations that could make it easier for load carriers to fabricate well-suited poles. Our approach is to synthesize a predictive model of walking and running from the field of biomechanics, which can predict the peak forces on the body as a function of pole stiffness, with a bending beam model of the bamboo pole that relates pole geometry and material to the effective pole stiffness. We first check our model's ability to predict the experimental results from a well-established study with PVC poles. We then extend the predictive design study to include a wider range of stiffness values and pole geometries that may be more effective and realistic for practical load carrying situations. Based on stiffness, deflection, strength, and pole mass design constraints, we specify an appropriate range of dimensions for selecting bamboo poles to carry a 15 kg load. The design methodology presented could simplify the selection and design of bamboo carrying poles in order to reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal injury.

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