scholarly journals Clostridial Spores for Cancer Therapy: Targeting Solid Tumour Microenvironment

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany Umer ◽  
David Good ◽  
Jozef Anné ◽  
Wei Duan ◽  
Ming Q. Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Solid Tumour ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Tumours ◽  
Current Status

Solid tumour accounts for 90% of all cancers. The current treatment approach for most solid tumours is surgery, however it is limited to early stage tumours. Other treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy are non-selective, thus causing damage to both healthy and cancerous tissue. Past research has focused on understanding tumour cells themselves, and conventional wisdom has aimed at targeting these cells directly. Recent research has shifted towards understanding the tumour microenvironment and it’s differences from that of healthy cells/tissues in the body and then to exploit these differences for treatmeat of the tumour. One such approach is utilizing anaerobic bacteria. Several strains of bacteria have been shown to selectively colonize in solid tumours, making them valuable tools for selective tumour targeting and destruction. Amongst them, the anaerobicClostridiumhas shown great potential in penetration and colonization of the hypoxic and necrotic areas of the tumour microenvironment, causing significant oncolysis as well as enabling the delivery of therapeutics directly to the tumourin situ. Various strategies utilizingClostridiumare currently being investigated, and represent a novel area of emerging cancer therapy. This review provides an update review of tumour microenvironment as well as summary of the progresses and current status of Clostridial spore-based cancer therapies.

Environmental Factors as Diabetic Mediators–A Mechanistic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveena Firdous ◽  
Kamran Nissar ◽  
Humayra Bashir ◽  
Qazi A. Hussain ◽  
Shariq Rashid Masoodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Substantial Investment

Abstract: Despite substantial investment in research and treatment options, diabetes mellitus remains a pressing public health concern with potential epidemic proportions globally. There are reports that by the end of 2040, 642 million people will be suffering from diabetes. Also, according to an estimation, 1.6 million deaths were caused directly by diabetes in 2016. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose regulation in the body due to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells or insulin resistance. Genetic propensity, unhealthy and imbalanced diet, obesity and increasing urbanization are the common risk factors for diabetes. Besides this, it has been reported that environmental pollutants like organic pesticides, heavy metals, and air pollutants act as strong predisposing factors for diabetes owing to their highly bio-accumulative nature. These pollutants disturb glucose homeostasis either by up-regulating or down-regulating the expression of diabetic marker genes like insulin (INS), glucokinase (GCK). Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism about the role of pollutants in causing diabetes is not very clear. This mechanistic review provides evidence of different environmental determinants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), air pollutants, toxic metals, etc. in inducing diabetes and proposes a framework for the possible mechanisms involved. It also illuminates the current status and future challenges which will not only broaden our understanding but can also be a reasonable platform for further investigation.

scholarly journals Adaptations and Advancement of Biologic Immunotherapy in the Management of Immunologically Cold Solid Malignancies

EMJ Oncology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Solid Tumours ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Activation Pathways

Contemporary breakthroughs within cancer immunotherapy are frequently cited amongst the most promising of therapeutic directions for medical oncology and perioperative solid tumour management. However to date, the efficacy of treatment of immunologically derived therapeutic modalities is limited to a few highly selective malignancies, exemplified by leukaemia or renal cell carcinoma. Many solid tumours exhibiting low immune activity, i.e., immunologically ‘cold’, such as highly aggressive pancreatic cancers, have correspondingly become regarded as inappropriate for prospective immunotherapeutic modulation. Standard approach in these tumours therefore relies upon early-stage identification and curative surgical resection, an identifiably imperfect option in both progression temporality and deterrence of metastatic disease. Fundamentally predicated upon the therapeutic activation of existing systemic immune resources, selectively towards malignant transformed cellular subpopulations, current cancer immunotherapy heavily utilises monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitors (i.e., PD-1, PDL-L1, CTLA-4) influencing resultant upregulation of physiologic immune activation pathways. These correspondingly enhance immunologic function and interfere with carcinogenesis. With ongoing development in the scientific understanding of complex tumour microenvironment interactions and subclonal heterogeneity, increasingly promising investigations have developed. These include the effective management of low immune activity cold solid tumours with original immunogenic cofactor therapies as well as immune modulation in conjunction with co-operative chemotherapeutic, radiological, or surgical intervention. Advancements in novel combination immunotherapies as well as innovative downstream management courses offer great optimism for the applicability of emerging cancer immunotherapy to prospective treatment of cold tumours. This review comprehensively analyses and discusses notable current research directions in the field and underscores future directions for continued scientific progress alongside relevant clinical applications.

scholarly journals Current status of research on exosomes in general, and for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer in particular

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weipu Mao ◽  
Keyi Wang ◽  
Zonglin Wu ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Ongoing Research

AbstractKidney cancer is a common urological tumour. Owing to its high prevalence and mortality rate, it is the third most malignant tumour of the urinary system, followed by prostate and bladder cancers. It exerts a high degree of malignancy, and most of the distant metastasis occurs at an early stage; it is insensitive to chemoradiotherapy and easily develops drug resistance. The current treatment for kidney cancer mainly includes surgery, interventional embolization and targeted therapy; however, the treatment efficacy is poor. In recent years, the role of exosomes as mediators of intercellular communication and information exchange in the tumour microenvironment in tumour pathogenesis has attracted much attention. Exosomes are rich in bioactive substances such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids and are involved in angiogenesis, immune regulation, drug resistance, formation of pre-metastatic niche, invasion and metastasis. This article reviews the ongoing research and applications of exosomes for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer.

scholarly journals Current Status of Gene Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saranya Chidambaranathan Reghupaty ◽  
Devanand Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Gene Therapy Approach ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Line Therapy ◽  
Attractive Option

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths world-wide. Liver transplantation, surgical resection, trans-arterial chemoembolization, and radio frequency ablation are effective strategies to treat early stage HCC. Unfortunately, HCC is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and there are not many treatment options for late stage HCC. First-line therapy for late stage HCC includes sorafenib and lenvatinib. However, these treatments provide only an approximate three month increase in survival. Besides, they cannot specifically target cancer cells that lead to a wide array of side effects. Patients on these drugs develop resistance within a few months and have to rely on second-line therapy that includes regorafenib, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and cabometyx. These disadvantages make gene therapy approach to treat HCC an attractive option. The two important questions that researchers have been trying to answer in the last 2–3 decades are what genes should be targeted and what delivery systems should be used. The objective of this review is to analyze the changing landscape of HCC gene therapy, with a focus on these two questions.

scholarly journals How shall we treat early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): from the current standard to upcoming immuno-molecular strategies

ESMO Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. e000357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Hyun Park ◽  
Jin-Hee Ahn ◽  
Sung-Bae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Current Standard

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a long-lasting orphan disease in terms of little therapeutic progress during the past several decades and still the standard of care remains chemotherapy. Experimental discovery of molecular signatures including the ‘BRCAness’ highlighted the innate heterogeneity of TNBC, generating the diversity of TNBC phenotypes. As it contributes to enhancing genomic instability, it has widened the therapeutic spectrum of TNBC. In particular, unusual sensitivity to DNA damaging agents was denoted in patients with BRCA deficiency, suggesting therapeutic benefit from platinum and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. However, regardless of enriched chemosensitivity and immunogenicity, majority of patients with TNBC still suffer from dismal clinical outcomes including early relapse and metastatic spread. Therefore, efforts into more precise and personalised treatment are critical at this point. Accordingly, the advance of multiomics has revealed novel actionable targets including PI3K-Akt-mTOR and epidermal growth factor receptor signalling pathways, which might actively participate in modulating the chemosensitivity and immune system. Also, TNBC has long been considered a potential protagonist of immunotherapy in breast cancer, supported by abundant tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and heterogeneous tumour microenvironment. Despite that, earlier studies showed somewhat unsatisfactory results of monotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, consistently durable responses in responders were noteworthy. Based on these results, further combinatorial trials either with other chemotherapy or targeted agents are underway. Incorporating immune-molecular targets into combination as well as refining the standard chemotherapy might be the key to unlock the future of TNBC. In this review, we share the current and upcoming treatment options of TNBC in the framework of scientific and clinical data, especially focusing on early stage of TNBC.

Classification of Breast cancer tumors using Feature Selection and CNN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Anparasy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Detect Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases in the world and almost two million new cases are diagnosed every year. It starts from the breasts tissue and then spreads to other parts of the body. Early detection of breast cancer is important to save the life of a woman as it is related with a risen number of available treatment options. Benign and malignant are the major types of tumors and they are cancerous and non-cancerous, respectively. Benign is not dangerous since it does not destroy the nearby tissues and cannot spread or grow. Malignant tumor invades neighbouring tissues, blood vessels and spreads to other parts of the body by metastasis. Therefore, differentiating malignant from benign will help to detect breast cancer in its early stage. Nowadays, machine learning techniques are used to classify the tumor types hence the quality of lift is increased.

scholarly journals The gastric cancer

2013 ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelayo Correa ◽  
María Blanca Piazuelo
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
H Pylori

Gastric cancer ranks fourth in incidence and second in mortality among all cancers worldwide. Despite the decrease in incidencein some regions of the world, gastric cancer continues to present a major clinical challenge due to most cases beingdiagnosed in advanced stages with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The development of gastric cancer is acomplex and multi-factored process involving a number of etiological factors and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations.Among the predisposing factors are: Helicobacter pylori infection, high salt intake, smoking, and, in a small percentage ofpatients, a family genetic component. More than 90% of stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas, which are classified intotwo major histological groups: intestinal and diffuse. Intestinal adenocarcinoma is preceded by a sequence of gastric lesionsknown as Correa´s cascade. According to the anatomical position, adenocarcinomas are classified as proximal (originatingin the cardia) and distal (originating in the body and antrum). This is a classification that recognizes two different clinicalentities. In general, the only possible cure for the disease is resection of the tumor in an early stage for which the identificationand monitoring of at-risk patients play a significant role. With the exception of Japan, no effective early detection programsexist. Anti-H. pylori has been shown to be an effective measure in the prevention of gastric cancer.

Novel Approaches for Oral Delivery of Insulin and Current Status of Oral Insulin Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinesh V P ◽  
Neelam D P ◽  
Punit B ◽  
Bhavesh S.B ◽  
Pragna K. S
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Dose Dependent

Diabetes mellitus is a serious pathologic condition that is responsible for major healthcare problems worldwide and costing billions of dollars annually. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 84 years. The present mode of insulin administration is by the subcutaneous route through which insulin is presented to the body in a non-physiological manner having many challenges. Hence novel approaches for insulin delivery are being explored. Challenges to oral route of insulin administration are: rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach, inactivation and digestion by proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen and poor permeability across intestinal epithelium because of its high molecular weight and lack of lipophilicity. Liposomes, microemulsions, nanocubicles, and so forth have been prepared for the oral delivery of insulin. Chitosan-coated microparticles protected insulin from the gastric environment of the body and released intestinal pH. Limitations to the delivery of insulin have not resulted in fruitful results to date and there is still a need to prepare newer delivery systems, which can produce dose-dependent and reproducible effects, in addition to increased bioavailability.

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