Thermoelectric Generators Embedded in Microelectronic Chip

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Sullivan ◽  
Saibal Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Satish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Useful Power

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can significantly improve the net power consumption and battery life of the mobile devices or high performance devices by generating power from the waste heat of these devices. Recent advancements show that the ultrathin thermoelectric devices can be fabricated and integrated within a microelectronic package. This paper first investigates the power generation by a single ultrathin TEG embedded within a micro-electronic package considering several key factors such as load resistance, chip heat flux, and proximity of the TEG to chip. We observe that the power generation from TEGs increases with increasing background heat flux on chip or when TEGs are moved closer to the chip. After the investigation of a single TEG, an array of embedded TEGs is considered in order to analyze the influence of multiple TEGs on total power generation and conversion efficiency. Increasing the number of TEGs from one to nine increase the useful power generation from 72.9 mW to 378.4 mW but decreases the average conversion efficiency from 0.47% to 0.32%. This suggests that average power generated per TEG gradually decrease from 72.9 mW to 42.0 mW when number of TEGs is increased from one to nine. However, the total useful power generated using nine TEGs is significant and emphasize the benefits of using embedded TEGs to reduce net power consumption in electronics packages.

On-Chip Power Generation Using Ultrathin Thermoelectric Generators

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Sullivan ◽  
Man Prakash Gupta ◽  
Saibal Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Satish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Electronic Package ◽  
Useful Power ◽  
On Chip

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can significantly improve the net power consumption and battery life of the low power mobile devices or high performance devices by generating power from their waste heat. Recent advancements also show that the ultrathin thermoelectric devices can be fabricated and integrated within a micro-electronic package. This work investigates the power generation by an ultrathin TEG embedded within a micro-electronic package considering several key parameters such as load resistance, chip heat flux, and proximity of the TEG to chip. The analysis shows that the power generation from TEGs increases with increasing background heat flux on chip or when TEGs are moved closer to the chip. An array of embedded TEGs is considered in order to analyze the influence of multiple TEGs on total power generation and conversion efficiency. Increasing the number of TEGs from one to nine increases the useful power generation from 72.9 mW to 378.4 mW but decreases the average conversion efficiency from 0.47% to 0.32%. The average power generated per TEG gradually decrease from 72.9 mW to 42.0 mW when number of TEGs is increased from one to nine, but the total useful power generated using nine TEGs is significant and emphasize the benefits of using embedded TEGs to reduce net power consumption in electronics packages.

scholarly journals Study of the influence of material properties in the energy conversion process of thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery applications

Respuestas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Medina-Delgado ◽  
Guillermo Valencia-Ochoa ◽  
Jorge Duarte-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Process ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Energy Conversion Process

The present study analyzed the effect of material properties in the energy conversion process of Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs). For the development of the study, two materials whose properties vary with respect to temperature (Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 and Cu11NiSb4S13) and a material with constant properties (Bi2Te3) were analyzed. Through numerical simulation processes, each material was subjected to different temperature differences to monitor the effect on the electrical output power, heat flux, and energy conversion efficiency. The results showed that neglecting the temperature dependence produces higher or lower performance estimations depending on the temperature levels experienced by the TEG.  Overall, the material Bi2Te3 displayed 35% more electrical power output and conversion efficiency compared to the Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 material. Therefore, considering the variability of thermoelectric materials demonstrated to be essential to obtain realistic process performance. Also, the heat flux produced by the Fourier effect presents the most significant impact on the electrical power generation of the TEG. Among materials with variable properties, the Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 increases the conversion efficiency up to 25% compared to the Cu11NiSb4S13. In conclusion, the study of material properties using numerical simulations emerged as a robust and practical tool to evaluate TEG performance.

High efficiency GeTe-based materials and modules for thermoelectric power generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Xing ◽  
Qingfeng Song ◽  
Pengfei Qiu ◽  
Qihao Zhang ◽  
Ming Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat Recovery ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Thermoelectric Performance ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Thermoelectric Power Generation

GeTe-based materials have a great potential to be used in thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery due to their excellent thermoelectric performance, but their module research is greatly lagging behind...

Low power aware pulse triggered flip flops using modified clock gating approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-803
Author(s):  
Sudhakar Jyothula
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Clock Gating ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Leakage

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to design a low power clock gating technique using Galeor approach by assimilated with replica path pulse triggered flip flop (RP-PTFF).Design/methodology/approachIn the present scenario, the inclination of battery for portable devices has been increasing tremendously. Therefore, battery life has become an essential element for portable devices. To increase the battery life of portable devices such as communication devices, these have to be made with low power requirements. Hence, power consumption is one of the main issues in CMOS design. To reap a low-power battery with optimum delay constraints, a new methodology is proposed by using the advantages of a low leakage GALEOR approach. By integrating the proposed GALEOR technique with conventional PTFFs, a reduction in power consumption is achieved.FindingsThe design was implemented in mentor graphics EDA tools with 130 nm technology, and the proposed technique is compared with existing conventional PTFFs in terms of power consumption. The average power consumed by the proposed technique (RP-PTFF clock gating with the GALEOR technique) is reduced to 47 per cent compared to conventional PTFF for 100 per cent switching activity.Originality/valueThe study demonstrates that RP-PTFF with clock gating using the GALEOR approach is a design that is superior to the conventional PTFFs.

High Temperature Thermoelectric Auxiliary Power Unit for Automotive Applications

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon M. Headings ◽  
Shawn Midlam-Mohler ◽  
Gregory N. Washington ◽  
Joseph P. Heremans
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Thermoelectric Power ◽  
Power Unit ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Thermoelectric Materials ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Automotive Applications ◽  
Auxiliary Power

While the thermoelectric effects have been known for over 100 years, their traditionally low conversion efficiency for power generation has limited their use to highly specialized applications. With the rapid advancement of thermoelectric materials in recent years, their inherent reliability and power density is being augmented by improvements in efficiency. Recent increases in the figure of merit of materials suitable for operation around 500 °C make them candidates for waste heat recovery, as well as primary power using combustion heaters. The characteristic scalability of thermoelectric generators makes them best suited for low power applications where alternative generators become impractical. However, with the development of thermoelectric device technology in parallel with materials advancements, it may become viable to design thermoelectric generators for auxiliary power in automotive applications. The research presented here represents the initial stages of the development of a thermoelectric power unit (TEPU). While thermoelectric generator technology can be applied to any fuel, this research targets the use of diesel fuel which is readily available for both military and consumer applications and is more easily and safely transported than many alternatives. The use of diesel fuel for a TEPU is enabled by the use of an atomizer technology developed at The Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research. A baseline prototype incorporating this novel diesel fuel atomizer/combustor with conventional thermoelectric materials and heat exchange designs has been constructed and tested. Preliminary data highlights the viability of diesel fuel for thermoelectric power generation as well as the areas which demand further development. This prototype will serve as the baseline for evaluating future designs incorporating advanced materials and novel system designs.

scholarly journals Modeling and simulation of a segmented thermoelectric generator

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Qiuyi Su
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Output Power ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Thermoelectric Generators ◽  
Working Temperature ◽  
General Method

Interest in thermoelectric generators for waste heat recovery has flourished in recent years. Typically, the efficiency of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) is quite low. Investigations are conducted in this thesis to get better performance and efficiency. The segmented leg generator is investigated as it is a promising method to increase a conventional TEGs' efficiency. This project presents the simulation model of a TEG with eight pairs of segmented legs. The simulation model is built with exactly the same materials and the same size as a physical TEG reported in the literature. Then the simulation model is compared with the prototype physical model to testify the accuracy of the simulation. The error between them is around 10 percent which is acceptable. After achieving the model of a segmented TEG, several methods are explored to improve its output power and conversion efficiency. Those methods include raising the working temperature, replacing the thermoelectric materials and reconfiguring the TEG geometry. It was found that the original model can be further optimized. After optimization, the output power increases from 188.2mW to 354.7mW, 703.13mW, and 212.85mW, respectively. Conversion efficiency increases from 1.66 percent to 2.08 percent, 7.03 percent, and 1.85 percent, respectively. Finally, a general method to design a segmented TEG is developed, using all knowledge gained from the computer simulations.

Pacemakers and Defibrillators

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Magee ◽  
Mark Tooley
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Output Pulse ◽  
Rectangular Pulse ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Cardiac Pacemakers ◽  
Tissue Resistance ◽  
Pass Through

Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators are used to stimulate cardiac muscle directly. The pacemaker corrects for abnormalities in the heart rate (this can be fast or slow). Defibrillators are used to restore a fibrillating or tachycardic heart, to sinus rhythm. These are normally external, battery or mains powered, but can be internal devices, which are called Implantable Cardiac Devices (ICDs). Pacemakers that deal with bradycardia will be considered first. Normally a slow or irregular heart rhythm is caused by three types of heart block: ◆ First degree, where the delay at the AV junction is increased beyond the normal 0.2 s; ◆ Second degree, where a proportion of the depolarisation wave fails to pass through the AV junction; ◆ Complete block, where none of the depolarisation waves pass through the AV junction, and ventricular electrical activity is independent of supraventricular activity. In all these cases, the ventricles will beat at a slower or irregular rate. Dizziness or loss of consciousness may occur. The simplest pacemaker consists of three major components: batteries, the pulse generator, and the electrode leads. The pulse generator is required to provide a rectangular pulse. Typical parameters are the duration of 1 ms, a voltage of 5 V and capable of delivering a current of 10 mA. The power needed per second (if the pacemaker is on all the time) would be I 2R = 50 mW, for an electrode tissue resistance of 500 Ω. If the pacemaker is operating at 1 Hz (60 beats per minute), then the average power consumption would be 50 μW, as the pulse width is 1 ms (the pacemaker is on for 1/1000 of a second, and so the power consumption will be divided by 1000). A typical small battery has a capacity of 1 A h, so that this battery could supply the average current (10 μA) for about 11 years. The circuitry would also absorb power so that the battery life would drop to around 5 years. The batteries used are now commonly lithium iodide. The output pulse is applied to the tissue via an electrode. The electrode tip, which can screw in (or more unusually, is sown in), can be made of platinum, silver, stainless steel, titanium as well as various alloys.

scholarly journals Research and Development of Ship Waste Heat Driven S-CO2 Power Generation Coupled T-CO2 Refrigeration System

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 01036
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Yongqian Zhang ◽  
Youjian Wu ◽  
Ruitao Chen ◽  
Qianxi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Thermal Calculation ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Fishing Boat ◽  
Total Power Consumption

Most of the exhaust temperature of ships is above 300℃, usually this part of waste heat would be directly discharged into the environment, not fully utilized. In order to improve the energy efficiency ratio of ship storage and transportation more effectively, domestic and foreign counterparts have done a lot of technical research on the recovery and utilization of ship waste heat, but most of them are based on a single application perspective. Emphasizing the application of multi-angle combined waste heat, driven by waste heat for CO2 supercritical power generation coupling trans-critical refrigeration system was proposed and designed. While the combined system recovered waste heat for power generation, the functions of refrigerating cooling and seawater desalination were realized by using the properties of CO2 working medium. Taking Fuyuan Yu 7861 ocean-going fishing boat as a design case, the relevant thermal calculation and equipment matching of CO2 supercritical power-transcritical refrigeration system driven by waste heat recovery were targeted. The results showed that the total power consumption of the system is 34.171KW, the waste heat power generation efficiency is 12.9%, the refrigeration performance coefficient is 2.368, the energy saving effect is remarkable, and the energy saving and emission reduction are realized.

scholarly journals Research on joint generation scheduling of cascade hydro plants in the dry season

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Xie ◽  
Jianzhong Zhou ◽  
Wenyu Ouyang ◽  
Liu Yuan ◽  
Hairong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dispatching Rules ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Jinsha River ◽  
Generation Scheduling ◽  
Flow Compensation

Abstract As more and more reservoirs are built, concentrated water releasing in the dry season will bring about additional flow compensation and the joint operation of cascade hydro plants is quite important. This paper discusses the water level decline strategy of four cascade hydro plants in the Jinsha River and analyses the relationship between guaranteed output and total power generation. Considering stochastic inflows, an implicit stochastic optimization method is employed and a multi-objective parallel differential evolution algorithm is proposed to extract dispatching rules. Finally, a method which combines discriminant method and dispatching rules is proposed for practical operations and achieves good performance. Compared with routine scheduling, the power generations of the proposed method are improved observably in different typical years. The average power generation increases about 3% with the same cascade minimum output.

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