Brain Subarachnoid Space Architecture: Histological Approach

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Saboori ◽  
Ali Sadegh
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Material Modeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Important Region ◽  
The Brain

Human brain is suspended in the skull through three fibrous tissue layers, dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater, known as the meninges layer. The space between the arachnoid and pia mater is known as subarachnoid space (SAS). SAS consists of arachnoid trabeculae and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which stabilizes the shape and the position of the brain during head movements. Through solid-fluid interaction, it has been shown that subarachnoid space (SAS) trabeculae plays an important role in damping and reducing the relative movement of the brain with respect to the skull, thereby reducing traumatic brain injuries (TBI), (Zoghi and Sadegh 2010). While the functionality of the SAS is understood, the architecture, the histology and biomechanics of this important region has not been fully investigated. In their modeling of the head, previous investigators have over simplified this important region. This is due to the trabeculae’s complex geometry, abundance of trabeculae and lack of the material properties. These simplifications could lead to inaccurate results of finite element head studies. Killer HE, et al, (2003) investigated the trabecular histology of optical nerves and Alcoldo, et al (1986) used Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to study the arachnid mater of the SAS. The result of these studies reveal that the arachnoid is a thin vascular layer composed of fibroblast cells interspersed with bundles of collagen and the trabecula is also a collagen based structure. However, the brain SAS trabecular architecture and histology has not been fully investigated. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanotransduction of the head impacts to the brain with the emphasis on the role of material modeling and architecture of the subarachnoid space as it relates to Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI). This goal was accomplished through three aims including experimental studies, material modeling and a 3D finite element model. In this paper, to present a global view of this investigation, brief descriptions of each aim are presented. It was concluded that the trabeculae contain collagen Type I with tree-shaped architecture and the validated material properties of SAS is approximately E = 1000 Pa.

The Effect of the Sulcus Morphology on the Transduction of Impacts to the Brain

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Saboori ◽  
Ali Sadegh
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Brain

The human head, being a vulnerable body region, is most frequently involved in traumatic brain injuries (TBI) and life threatening injuries. Accurate modeling of the variability of the brain morphology is a fundamental problem in investigating TBI. Improved computational/mathematical structural models of the brain are needed to help investigators to have a better understanding of the phenomena of different traumatic brain injuries such as concussion. The human brain is the most complex region of the body. There is a very thin membrane known as a pia mater that covers all the surface of the brain. The pia mater follows all the fissure of the brain and covers all the surface of the sulci and gyri. Sulcus is referred to any furrow in the brain. Statistically there are about 72 main sulci in the human brain. Previous FE studies of TBI have ignored sulcus morphology in their modeling and thus, their results could be unreliable. In this paper, the effect of the brain sulcus structure on mechanotransduction of impacts to the brain has been investigated. This was accomplished by using series of parametric studies and comparing the results with the model without sulci. The results of this study reveal that the brain’s strain is reduced in the present of sulcus and gyrus structures. We have hypothesized that the presence of sulcus increases the surface area of the brain thereby decreases the normal and shear strain in the brain. That is, the presence of sulcus and gyrus reduce the transduction of the external load and impacts to the white and gray matters of the brain and thereby reduces the risk of TBI. Ignoring sulci in any FE modeling and analysis of the brain may lead to unreliable results.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Common Concussion Tools Used in a Sport’s Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Brady Armitage ◽  
B. Sue Graves
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Procedure ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Mechanism Of Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Brain

Sports medicine advancements are continuously evolving allowing professionals to utilize tools to provide for their athletes’ care. These tools have allowed clinicians to better diagnose and determine the extent of an athlete’s injury. Over the last 20 years, an emphasis has been placed on mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and/or concussions. This focus on mTBI and concussions has led to an understanding of the mechanism of injury (MOI), development of grading/severity scales of injury, and diagnostic tools for properly assessing an athlete suffering from an injury to the brain. Clinicians understanding of concussion has excelled in recent years, but with advancement in technologies and diagnostic tools, all professionals need to understand the importance of incorporating tools into the diagnostic procedure. Thus, the purpose of this review is to evaluate common tools in practice, as well as newer tools, that could be utilized by sports medicine professionals.

The Strain Rates of the Brain and Skull Under Dynamic Loading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hosseini Farid ◽  
Ashkan Eslaminejad ◽  
Mohammadreza Ramzanpour ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski ◽  
Ghodrat Karami
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Blast Waves ◽  
Cranial Bone ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
The Brain

Accurate material properties of the brain and skull are needed to examine the biomechanics of head injury during highly dynamic loads such as blunt impact or blast. In this paper, a validated Finite Element Model (FEM) of a human head is used to study the biomechanics of the head in impact and blast leading to traumatic brain injuries (TBI). We simulate the head under various direction and velocity of impacts, as well as helmeted and un-helmeted head under blast waves. It is shown that the strain rates for the brain at impacts and blast scenarios are usually in the range of 36 to 241 s−1. The skull was found to experience a rate in the range of 14 to 182 s−1 under typical impact and blast cases. Results show for impact incidents the strain rates of brain and skull are approximately 1.9 and 0.7 times of the head acceleration. Also, this ratio of strain rate to head acceleration for the brain and skull was found to be 0.86 and 0.43 under blast loadings. These findings provide a good insight into measuring the brain tissue and cranial bone, and selecting material properties in advance for FEM of TBI.

Age-Related Changes in Scleral Material Properties of the Monkey Eye

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaël J. A. Girard ◽  
Jun-Kyo F. Suh ◽  
Michael Bottlang ◽  
Claude F. Burgoyne ◽  
J. Crawford Downs
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Collagen Fibers ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Type I ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Age Related Changes

The sclera is the outer shell and principal load-bearing tissue of the eye, which consists primarily of avascular lamellae of collagen fibers. Ninety percent of the collagen fibers in the sclera are Type I, which provide the eye with necessary mechanical strength to sustain intraocular pressure (IOP). In the posterior sclera, there is a fenestrated canal, called the optic nerve head (ONH), through which the retinal ganglion cell axons pass transmitting visual signals from the retina to the brain. The opening of the ONH is structurally supported by a fenestrated connective tissue called the lamina cribrosa.

scholarly journals RheoSens; RheoPatch

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq H. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Tissue Oxygenation ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Invasive Device ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Minimally Invasive Device

Rheo Probe is a minimally invasive device, implanted in the brain matter for patients in a coma following brain haemorrage or traumatic brain injuries to measure cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, temperature and oxygenation parameters. Nearinfrared sensors assess levels of tissue oxygenation as well as cerebral blood flow by measuring oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin based on spectrometry.

Investigation of Traumatic Brain Injuries Using the Next Generation of Simulated Injury Monitor (SIMon) Finite Element Head Model

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik G. Takhounts ◽  
Stephen A. Ridella ◽  
Vikas Hasija ◽  
Rabih E. Tannous ◽  
J. Quinn Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Next Generation

Correlation between Injury Pattern and Finite Element Analysis in Biomechanical Reconstructions of Traumatic Brain Injuries

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1331-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madelen Fahlstedt ◽  
Bart Depreitere ◽  
Peter Halldin ◽  
Jos Vander Sloten ◽  
Svein Kleiven
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Element Analysis

scholarly journals Histology and Morphology of the Brain Subarachnoid Trabeculae

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Saboori ◽  
Ali Sadegh
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Bright Field Microscopy ◽  
The Brain

The interface between the brain and the skull consists of three fibrous tissue layers, dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, known as the meninges, and strands of collagen tissues connecting the arachnoid to the pia mater, known as trabeculae. The space between the arachnoid and the pia mater is filled with cerebrospinal fluid which stabilizes the shape and position of the brain during head movements or impacts. The histology and architecture of the subarachnoid space trabeculae in the brain are not well established in the literature. The only recognized fact about the trabeculae is that they are made of collagen fibers surrounded by fibroblast cells and they have pillar- and veil-like structures. In this work the histology and the architecture of the brain trabeculae were studied, via a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments using cadaveric and animal tissue. In the cadaveric study fluorescence and bright field microscopy were employed while scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used for the animal studies. The results of this study reveal that the trabeculae are collagen based type I, and their architecture is in the form of tree-shaped rods, pillars, and plates and, in some regions, they have a complex network morphology.

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