Further Validation of the Ford Human Body FE Model and Use of the Model to Investigate the Effects of Shoulder Belt Force Limiting of 3-Point and 4-Point Restraints in Frontal Impact

Volume 17: Transportation Systems ◽

10.1115/imece2008-67192 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raed E. El-Jawahri ◽

Jesse S. Ruan ◽

Stephen W. Rouhana ◽

Saeed D. Barbat ◽

Priya Prasad

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Ford Motor Company ◽

Steering Wheel ◽

Point System ◽

Fe Model ◽

Frontal Impact ◽

Frontal Impacts ◽

Vehicle Structure ◽

Impact Simulations ◽

The Impact

Ford Motor Company human body FE model was validated against 3-point & 4-point belted PMHS tests in frontal impact and PMHS knee impact. The chest deflection, chest acceleration, and belt force in frontal impact simulations were compared with the PMHS test data, while the impact force, femur acceleration, pelvis acceleration, and sacrum acceleration of the knee impact simulations were compared with the respective corridors from PMHS tests. The model used represents a 50th percentile adult male. It was used to study the effects of shoulder belt force limit on 3-point and 4-point restrained occupants in frontal impacts without airbags. A 25 g pulse and a shoulder belt load limit of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kN were used for the 3-point and 4-point restraint systems with a rigid steering wheel, front header, and windshield of a stiffer larger vehicle structure. The results showed that the head acceleration and the chest deflection of the 4-point belt system are less than the respective cases of the 3-point system while the chest acceleration levels were about the same in 3-point and 4-point belt. The mid-shaft femur forces were always higher in the 4-point belt than those of the 3-point belt.

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Computer Simulations for Frontal Impact

ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition ◽

10.1115/cie1994-0449 ◽

1994 ◽

Author(s):

Jiamaw Doong ◽

James C. Cheng

Keyword(s):

Impact Test ◽

Structural Response ◽

Point Of View ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Occupant Behavior ◽

Frontal Impact ◽

Rigid Barrier ◽

Frontal Impacts ◽

Vehicle Structure ◽

Occupant Injury

Abstract Vehicle crash performance is different for various testing configurations. The current NCAP fixed rigid barrier frontal impact test and FMVSS regulations have significantly improved occupant safety during a frontal crash. However in order to better represent and reduce fatal injuries in real world frontal impacts, several new frontal impact test configurations are being proposed and studied. This paper compares four different frontal impact configurations with 35 mph impact speed, in terms of finite element crash simulation. The four configurations are 1) 90 degree fixed rigid barrier, 2) 50% offset rigid barrier, 3) 30 degree angular fixed rigid barrier, without anti-slide device, and 4) 30 degree angular fixed rigid barrier, with anti-slide device. This advanced computer simulation technology is now widely used in the auto industry and, in terms of the efficiency, timing and cost, it is the only tool powerful enough to face the technical challenges in future vehicle design. The comparison is made from a structural point of view. Impact force, deceleration, deformation, and dash/toeboard intrusion are compared. Based on the performance of a given vehicle structure, a qualitative assessment of occupant behavior/injury can be drawn. The general relationship between occupant behavior and vehicle structural response, during a crash event, is well known, e.g. lower vehicle deceleration and less deformation of the passenger compartment will produce better occupant injury performance. The results of this study might be used as a reference for vehicle front end design or potential rulemaking for frontal impact tests.

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Finite Element Analysis of High-Decker Bus Frontal Impact Based on ECE-Regulation No.29

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.464 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 658 ◽

pp. 464-470

Author(s):

Supakit Rooppakhun ◽

Sarawut Bua-Ngam

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Impact Analysis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fe Model ◽

Frontal Impact ◽

Total Deformation ◽

United Nations Economic Commission ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Bus Structure ◽

The Impact

In Thailand, according to the bus accident statistics referred to Department of Land Transport (DLT), the highest risk represents the frontal crash accidents. In case of frontal crashworthiness, the high- decker bus safety was referred to the regulation no.29 of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE-R29). In this study, the frontal impact analysis of the high-decker passenger bus structure based on ECE-R29 using Finite Element (FE) analysis was focused on. The energy absorption including to the total deformation of the frontal cabin were evaluated. Three-dimensional FE model of frontal bus structure with- and without- simple impact attenuator were created and analyzed using ANSYS/Explicit software. In accordance with the results, the average magnitude of kinetic energy in case of impact attenuator revealed the value lower than those without impact attenuator owing to absorb energy in the impact attenuator. In addition, the total deformation regarding to the safe zone of the frontal cabin in the case of with impact attenuator were lower than without impact attenuator as 75.8%. Therefore, the frontal impact attenuator should be recommended to a high-decker bus for the driver protection in the event of crash accident.

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CART Impact Recorder Data Analysis Using Mathematical Modeling

Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Technology ◽

10.1115/imece2002-33523 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Para Weerappuli ◽

Edwin Chiu ◽

Saeed Barbat ◽

Priya Prasad

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Ford Motor Company ◽

Detailed Model ◽

Crash Data ◽

Frontal Impacts ◽

Side Impacts ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Rear Impacts ◽

Energy Absorbing ◽

The Impact

This paper presents acceleration data of seventy-eight open-wheel, Indy car type, racecar impacts. These data were collected by the “Impact Sensor Program” conducted jointly by the Ford Motor Company and the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART), Inc. The seventy-eight impacts consisted of forty-two side impacts, thirty rear impacts, three frontal impacts, and three rollover/flipping of cars. Related crash data were used as input to a CAE model of a racecar driver in a typical CART car to perform computer simulations of the impacts. This model was developed using MADYMO software, and was an enhanced version of one previously published. Enhancements to the model included accurate geometrical representations of the cockpit interior, the seat, and the energy-absorbing collar; a more realistic geometry of the driver’s head and an improved representation of the neck; a highly detailed model of the driver’s helmet; and improved contact algorithms to define the head-helmet, helmet-collar, and head-chin strap interactions. Additionally, data collected from twenty-six drivers were used to improve the seating posture of the driver in the model. Results of simulations performed established the validity of the model in predicting the potential injury risk to the drivers in the head and neck areas. Model predictions of injuries based on the “Head Injury Criterion” (HIC), the Injury Assessment Reference Values (IARVs) of upper neck forces and moments, and a biomechanical neck injury predictor compared well with the actual injuries sustained by the drivers. The model predictions of reversible concussions also compared well with results of recent brain injury risk studies. The present study shows that CAE modeling can be effectively used to predict potential injuries to racecar drivers involved in high “G” impacts, and that the model can be used to evaluate countermeasures to improve safety of CART cars.

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Effect of Assumed Stiffness and Mass Density on the Impact Response of the Human Chest Using a Three-Dimensional FE Model of the Human Body

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2264394 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 128 (5) ◽

pp. 772-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Hideyuki Kimpara ◽

Masami Iwamoto ◽

Isao Watanabe ◽

Kazuo Miki ◽

Jong B. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Mass Density ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Rib Fractures ◽

Human Model ◽

Fe Model ◽

Internal Organs ◽

Apparent Stiffness ◽

Fractured Ribs ◽

The Impact

The mass density, Young’s modulus (E), tangent modulus (Et), and yield stress (σy) of the human ribs, sternum, internal organs, and muscles play important roles when determining impact responses of the chest associated with pendulum impact. A series of parametric studies was conducted using a commercially available three-dimensional finite element (FE) model, Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) of the whole human body, to determine the effect of changing these material properties on the predicted impact force, chest deflection, and the number of rib fractures and fractured ribs. Results from this parametric study indicate that the initial chest apparent stiffness was mainly influenced by the stiffness and mass density of the superficial muscles covering the torso. The number of rib fractures and fractured ribs was primarily determined by the stiffness of the ribcage. Similarly, the stiffness of the ribcage and internal organs contributed to the maximum chest deflection in frontal impact, while the maximum chest deflection for lateral impact was mainly affected by the stiffness of the ribcage. Additionally, the total mass of the whole chest had a moderately effect on the number of rib fractures.

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The Influence of Neck Muscle Activation on Head and Neck Injuries of Occupants in Frontal Impacts

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics ◽

10.1155/2018/7279302 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fan Li ◽

Ronggui Lu ◽

Wei Hu ◽

Honggeng Li ◽

Shiping Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

High Speed ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Neck Muscle ◽

Fe Model ◽

Neck Injuries ◽

Frontal Impact ◽

Low Speed ◽

Frontal Impacts ◽

Head Neck

The aim of the present paper was to study the influence of neck muscle activation on head and neck injuries of vehicle occupants in frontal impacts. A mixed dummy-human finite element model was developed to simulate a frontal impact. The head-neck part of a Hybrid III dummy model was replaced by a well-validated head-neck FE model with passive and active muscle characteristics. The mixed dummy-human FE model was validated by 15 G frontal volunteer tests conducted in the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory. The effects of neck muscle activation on the head dynamic responses and neck injuries of occupants in three frontal impact intensities, low speed (10 km/h), medium speed (30 km/h), and high speed (50 km/h), were studied. The results showed that the mixed dummy-human FE model has good biofidelity. The activation of neck muscles can not only lower the head resultant acceleration under different impact intensities and the head angular acceleration in medium- and high-speed impacts, thereby reducing the risks of head injury, but also protect the neck from injury in low-speed impacts.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A FRANGIBLE DESIGN OF SMALL FIXED-WING UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM

10.12783/asc36/35750 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

ANURAG ◽

KALYAN RAJ KOTA ◽

THOMAS E. LACY

Keyword(s):

Unmanned Aircraft ◽

Fe Model ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Internal Structures ◽

Significant Damage ◽

Target Frame ◽

Energy Absorbing ◽

Impact Simulations ◽

The Impact ◽

Collision Trajectory

Existing studies show that small fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems’ (FWUASs) mid-air collisions with aircraft can cause substantial damage. Upon a 250 knots impact, a ~1.8 kg “tractor” configuration of FW-UAS can perforate aircraft skin, thereby damaging the internal structures such as ribs, frames, etc., posing severe threat to manned air fleet. Significant damage is primarily caused by FW-UAS’s heavy and rigid components such as motor, battery, and payload especially due to their roughly in-line arrangement and proximity with one another. In this work, a modified FW-UAS finite element (FE) model was developed that included a “pusher” engine (i.e., motor in the aft of the forward fuselage) configuration to reduce the impact severity during airborne collisions. A polymeric foam nosecone was attached to the front of the FW-UAS FE model to dissipate impact energy. To assess its energy absorbing capacity, a comparative study with expanded polypropylene (EPP), polyurethane (PUR), and polystyrene (IMPAXX700) foams was performed. Conical and semi-spherical nosecone configurations were studied as part of this research. A series of LS-Dyna impact simulations were performed with the pusher configuration of FW-UAS impacting a 1.59 mm thick aluminum 2024-T3 flat plate sandwiched between a rigid target frame. In addition, a frangible design of the FW-UAS, in which the payload is diverged from the in-line collision trajectory of battery and motor upon impact, was implemented and assessed. Force generated during the initial stage of impact is leveraged through lightweight and friable structural links to diverge the payload to avoid impact along the single axis as of the battery and motor. Damage severity is evaluated through target plate tear, and velocity of payload during impact, it being the major damage causing component.

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Pedestrian Collision Responses Using Legform Impactor Subsystem and Full-Sized Pedestrian Model on Different Workbenches

Volume 13: Design, Reliability, Safety, and Risk ◽

10.1115/imece2018-87904 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Obaidur Rahman Mohammed ◽

Shabbir Memon ◽

Hamid M. Lankarani

Keyword(s):

Fe Model ◽

Finite Model ◽

Lower Extremity Injuries ◽

Full Size ◽

Pedestrian Impact ◽

Extremity Injuries ◽

Multi Body ◽

Impact Simulations ◽

The Impact ◽

Pedestrian Collisions

Car-pedestrian collision fatalities have been reported for a significant number of roadside accidents around the world. In order to reduce the lower extremity injuries in car-pedestrian collisions, it is important to determine the impact forces on the pedestrian and conditions that the car frontal side impacts on the lower extremities of the pedestrian. The Working Group 17 (WG17) of the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) has developed a legform subsystem impactor and procedure for assessing pedestrian collisions and potential injuries. This research describes a methodology for the evaluation of the legform impactor kinematics after a collision utilizing finite element (FE) models of the legform and cars and comparing the simulation results with the ones from a multi-body legform model as well as a 50th percentile male human pedestrian model responses. Two approaches are carried out in the process. First, the collision strike simulations with the FE model using an FE lower legform is considered and validated against the EVVC/WG17 regulation criteria. Secondly, the collision strike simulations with a multi-body legform and an ellipsoidal multi-body car model are conducted to compare the responses from the FE model and the multi-body model. The results from the impact simulations of FE legform and the multi-body legform are also compared with the ones from a full-size pedestrian model at constant speeds. All the models and simulation in this are using the LS-DYNA nonlinear FE code, while the multibody legform, car, and full-sized pedestrian models are developed and evaluated in MADYMO. The results from this study demonstrate the differences between the subsystem legform and the full-size pedestrian responses as well as suitability of various FE and multibody models related to pedestrian impact responses. Different workbenches comparisons with finite model and ellipsoidal models gives more better correlation to this research.

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Transport and Chronic Injuries Caused by Improper Use of Cell Phones：Evidences from 41 Studies (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.21313 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xinxi Cao ◽

Yangyang Cheng ◽

Chenjie Xu ◽

Yabing Hou ◽

Hongxi Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Cell Phone ◽

Injury Risk ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Mental Disease ◽

Cell Phones ◽

Cell Phone Use ◽

Improper Use ◽

Chronic Injuries ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND Cell phone use brought convenience to people, but using phones for a long period of time or in the wrong way and with a wrong posture might cause damage to the human body. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of improper cell phone use on transport and chronic injuries. METHODS Studies were systematically searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science up to April 4, 2019 and relevant reviews were searched to identify additional studies. A random-effects model was used to estimate the overall pooled estimates. RESULTS Cell phone users were at a higher risk for transport injuries (RR: 1.37, 95%CI: 1.221.55), long-term use of cell phones increased the transport injury risk to non-use or short-term use (RR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.632.70). Neoplasm risk caused by cell phone use was 1.07 times that of non-use (95% CI: 1.011.14); Compared with non-use, cell phone use had a higher risk of eye disease, with a risk of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.273.23), the risk of mental disease was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.171.35), the risk of neurological disorder was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.021.32), and a pooled risk of other chronic injuries was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.981.59). CONCLUSIONS Cell phone use at inappropriate situations has a negative impact on the human body. Therefore, it is necessary to use cell phones correctly and reasonably.

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The Impact of Tick-Borne Diseases on the Bone

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 663

Author(s):

Imran Farooq ◽

Tara J. Moriarty

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Human Body ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Research Literature ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Bone Marrow Function ◽

The Impact

Tick-borne infectious diseases can affect many tissues and organs including bone, one of the most multifunctional structures in the human body. There is a scarcity of data regarding the impact of tick-borne pathogens on bone. The aim of this review was to survey existing research literature on this topic. The search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. From our search, we were able to find evidence of eight tick-borne diseases (Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Lyme disease, Bourbon virus disease, Colorado tick fever disease, Tick-borne encephalitis, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever) affecting the bone. Pathological bone effects most commonly associated with tick-borne infections were disruption of bone marrow function and bone loss. Most research to date on the effects of tick-borne pathogen infections on bone has been quite preliminary. Further investigation of this topic is warranted.

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