Controlled Porosity Ceramics for Bone Graft Applications

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bose ◽  
J. Darsell ◽  
R. Kintner ◽  
K. Feely ◽  
H. L. Hosick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Controlled Porosity

Abstract Significant research has already been done for the development of bioceramic materials with controlled microstructures using inert, bioactive and bioresorbable ceramics. Microporous implants with controlled pore size in the range of 100-600 μm have proven to be osteoconductive. A minimum pore size of 100 μm is necessary for tissue in-growth and to provide blood supply to the connective tissues to keep them viable and healthy. Bone in-growth takes place within the inter-connected pore channels near the surface and maintains its vascularity and long term viability, and the implant serves as a structural bridge or scaffold for bone formation. Controlled porosity ceramic scaffolds were fabricated using indirect fused deposition modeling (FDM), a commercially available rapid prototyping process, with alumina and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramics. Pore size and pore volumes were varied by changing road width, road gap and slice thickness of the polymeric molds. Mechanical tests were conducted to understand the influence of porosity parameters on strength degradation. In vitro tests were carried out with human osteoblast (HOB) cells to understand the effects of porosity parameters on cell growth. The paper describes the effects of porosity on the biocompatibility and bio-mechanical properties of controlled porosity alumina and TCP scaffolds.

scholarly journals In Vitro Tests of FDM 3D-Printed Diclofenac Sodium-Containing Implants

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5889
Author(s):  
Petra Arany ◽  
Ildikó Papp ◽  
Marianna Zichar ◽  
Máté Csontos ◽  
János Elek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Implantable Drug Delivery Systems

One of the most promising emerging innovations in personalized medication is based on 3D printing technology. For use as authorized medications, 3D-printed products require different in vitro tests, including dissolution and biocompatibility investigations. Our objective was to manufacture implantable drug delivery systems using fused deposition modeling, and in vitro tests were performed for the assessment of these products. Polylactic acid, antibacterial polylactic acid, polyethylene terephthalate glycol, and poly(methyl methacrylate) filaments were selected, and samples with 16, 19, or 22 mm diameters and 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% infill percentages were produced. The dissolution test was performed by a USP dissolution apparatus 1. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide dye (MTT)-based prolonged cytotoxicity test was performed on Caco-2 cells to certify the cytocompatibility properties. The implantable drug delivery systems were characterized by thermogravimetric and heatflow assay, contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy, microcomputed tomography, and Raman spectroscopy. Based on our results, it can be stated that the samples are considered nontoxic. The dissolution profiles are influenced by the material properties of the polymers, the diameter, and the infill percentage. Our results confirm the potential of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing for the manufacturing of different implantable drug delivery systems in personalized medicine and may be applied during surgical interventions.

Development of Porous Polymer-Ceramic Composites as Bone Grafts

2002 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Kalita ◽  
John Finley ◽  
Susmita Bose ◽  
Howard Hosick ◽  
Amit Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Osteoblast Cell Line ◽  
Controlled Porosity

AbstractBiomaterials have made significant contributions to the advancement of modern health care and drug delivery industries. The present research is based on development of porous polymerceramic composite scaffolds using polypropylene (PP) polymer and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic for bone-graft applications. Three dimensionally interconnected controlled porosity scaffolds were fabricated using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) system. First, ceramic and polymeric materials were compounded under high shear using a torque rheometer. Compounded materials were then extruded to a 1.78mm diameter continuous filament using a single screw extruder. These filaments were used as a feedstock material for an FDM 1650 machine for direct fabrication of controlled porosity parts. Hg-porosimetry was done to determine pore size and their distribution in these structures. Tensile properties of neat composites and as received polymer were measured and compared using standard dog bone samples. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on cylindrical porous samples having average pore size of 160 μm and 36 vol% porosity. These samples showed an average ultimate compressive strength of 12.7 MPa. Average compressive modulus was calculated as 263 MPa. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation studies were conducted with OPC1 modified human osteoblast cell-line. It was found that composite matrices were non-toxic and they showed excellent cell growth with OPC1 cells.

scholarly journals Design of Scaffold with Controlled internal Architecture using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2764-2768
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tool Path ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Scaffold Structure ◽  
Internal Architecture

In bone tissue engineering, scaffolds play a vital role in regeneration of tissue. It acts as a template for cell interaction and formation of extracellular matrix to provide structural support to newly formed bone tissues. The scaffold design and manufacturing with additive manufacturing method are still challenging. The parameters of scaffold structure are pore size, pore interconnectivity, porosity, and surface area to volume ratio, strength and stiffness of the material. Among these, porosity is directly influencing stiffness and strength of the structure. Higher porosity can accommodate more number of tissues and interconnected pore allow uniform distribution of cells in the scaffold structure. The objective of this work is to develop scaffold structures with controlled internal architecture using FDM and evaluate the percentage variation in compressive strength and structural modulus of scaffold structures. The internal architecture is controlled by porosity and pore size of scaffold with custom defined tool path of FDM system in pre-processing software. In this work, using the custom defined tool path with minimum slice thickness, the scaffold developed are found with maximum porosity of 82.7% and compressive strength varied from 1.76 MPa to 9.34 MPa and structural modulus of scaffold varied from 52.2 MPa to 212.MPa. These results showed that FDM process is suitable for tissue engineering applications. The material used in this study is ABS, which is biocompatible.

scholarly journals FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806
Author(s):  
Veronika Melčová ◽  
Kateřina Svoradová ◽  
Přemysl Menčík ◽  
Soňa Kontárová ◽  
Michala Rampichová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Softening Effect ◽  
Fused Deposition

Tissue engineering is a current trend in the regenerative medicine putting pressure on scientists to develop highly functional materials and methods for scaffolds’ preparation. In this paper, the calibrated filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based on plasticized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) 70/30 blend modified with tricalcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared. Two different plasticizers, Citroflex (n-Butyryl tri-n-hexyl citrate) and Syncroflex (oligomeric adipate ester), both used in the amount of 12 wt%, were compared. The printing parameters for these materials were optimized and the printability was evaluated by recently published warping test. The samples were studied with respect to their thermal and mechanical properties, followed by biological in vitro tests including proliferation, viability, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. According to the results from differential scanning calorimetry and tensile measurements, the Citroflex-based plasticizer showed very good softening effect at the expense of worse printability and unsatisfactory performance during biological testing. On the other hand, the samples with Syncroflex demonstrated lower warping tendency compared to commercial polylactide filament with the warping coefficient one third lower. Moreover, the Syncroflex-based samples exhibited the non-cytotoxicity and promising biocompatibility.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Ivan Grgić ◽  
Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽  
Mirko Karakašić ◽  
Željko Ivandić
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

Development of Scaffold Building Units and Assembly for Tissue Engineering Using Fused Deposition Modelling

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed H. Masood ◽  
Kadhim Alamara
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Unit Cells

In tissue engineering (TE), a porous scaffold structure of biodegradable material is required as a template to guide the proliferation, growth and development of cells appropriately in three dimensions. The scaffold must meet design requirements of appropriate porosity, pore size and interconnected structure to allow cell proliferation and adhesion. This paper presents a methodology for design and manufacture of TE scaffolds with varying porosity by employing open structure building units and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping technique. A computer modeling approach for constructing and assembly of three-dimensional unit cell structure is presented to provide a solution of scaffolds design that can potentially meet the diverse requirements of TE applications. A parametric set of open polyhedral unit cells is used to assist the user in designing the required micro-architecture of the scaffold with required porosity and pore size and then the Boolean operation is used to create the scaffold of a given CAD model from the designed microstructure. The procedure is verified by fabrication of physical scaffolds using the commercial FDM system.

scholarly journals Medical-Grade PCL Based Polyurethane System for FDM 3D Printing—Characterization and Fabrication

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Haryńska ◽  
Justyna Kucinska-Lipka ◽  
Agnieszka Sulowska ◽  
Iga Gubanska ◽  
Marcin Kostrzewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Medical Grade

The widespread use of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies in medicine has contributed to the increased demand for 3D printing materials. In addition, new printing materials that are appearing in the industry do not provide a detailed material characterization. In this paper, we present the synthesis and characterization of polycaprolactone (PCL) based medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethanes, which are suitable for forming in a filament that is dedicated to Fused Deposition Modeling 3D (FDM 3D)printers. For this purpose, we synthesized polyurethane that is based on PCL and 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) with a different isocyanate index NCO:OH (0.9:1, 1.1:1). Particular characteristics of synthesized materials included, structural properties (FTIR, Raman), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), mechanical and surfaces (contact angle) properties. Moreover, pre-biological tests in vitro and degradation studies were also performed. On the basis of the conducted tests, a material with more desirable properties S-TPU(PCL)0.9 was selected and the optimization of filament forming via melt-extrusion process was described. The initial biological test showed the biocompatibility of synthesized S-TPU(PCL)0.9 with respect to C2C12 cells. It was noticed that the process of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) filaments forming by extrusion was significantly influenced by the appropriate ratio between the temperature profile, rotation speed, and dosage ratio.

3D Printed PLA/PCL/TiO2 Composite for Bone Replacement and Grafting

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (40) ◽  
pp. 2373-2378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra E. Nájera ◽  
Monica Michel ◽  
Nam-Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Fracture Strain ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
In Vitro Biocompatibility ◽  
Bone Replacement ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACTPolymer composites of Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), containing small amounts of titanium oxide (TiO2) were developed for biomedical applications. These composite materials were prepared, and then printed using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). 3D printed structures were characterized to determine their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. DSC analysis yielded useful information regarding the immiscibility of the different polymers, and it was observed that the particles of TiO2 improved the stability of the polymers. The ultimate tensile strength and the fracture strain increased by adding TiO2 as a filler, resulting in values of approximately 45 MPa and 5.5 % elongation. The printed composites show excellent in vitro biocompatibility including cell proliferation and adhesion, and are therefore promising candidates to be used in the biomedical field for bone replacement procedures, due to their properties similar to those of cancellous bone.

scholarly journals In-vitro evaluation of Polylactic acid (PLA) manufactured by fused deposition modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias C. Wurm ◽  
Tobias Möst ◽  
Bastian Bergauer ◽  
Dominik Rietzel ◽  
Friedrich Wilhelm Neukam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

scholarly journals Mechanical, Thermal and Microstructural Characteristic of 3D Printed Polylactide Composites with Natural Fibers: Wood, Bamboo and Cork

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina E. Mazur ◽  
Aleksandra Borucka ◽  
Paulina Kaczor ◽  
Szymon Gądek ◽  
Rafał Bogucki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Natural Fillers

AbstractIn the study, polylactide-based (PLA) composites modified with natural particles (wood, bamboo, and cork) and with different levels of infilling (100%, 80%, and 60%) obtained by fused deposition modeling were tested. The effect of fiber type, infill level and crystallization rate on the mechanical properties were investigated by using tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The materials were subjected to mechanical tests carried out at 23 and 80 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry were employed to analyze crystallization behavior of composite. Furthermore, hydrothermal degradation was performed, and its effect on the properties was analyzed. The addition of natural fillers and different levels of infilling result in a similar level of reduction in the properties. However, the addition of natural fillers resulted in a slightly lower drop than the lowered infilling rate − 40% and 50% for tensile strength, respectively. Moreover, it was found that, composites made of PLA are more sensitive to high temperatures than to water. The decrease in Young's modulus of PLA at 80 °C was 90%, while after 28 days of hydrodegradation ~ 9%. The addition of fibers reduced this decrease at elevated temperatures. Importantly, in the case of a brittle material such as PLA, the impact strength has been improved by 50% for composites with cork particles and other lignocellulosic composites remained at the same level as for resin. Generally, the thermal treatment of composites increased the degree of crystallinity of the materials, as reflected in the higher results of mechanical tests.

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