Marine Alternative Fuel Performance Testing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujit Ghosh ◽  
Tom Risley ◽  
David Sobolewski ◽  
William Welch ◽  
Sherry Williams
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Test Fuel ◽  
Emissions Testing

As part of the U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) marine application of alternative fuel initiative, the U.S. Navy provided neat hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), derived from the hydroprocessing of algal oils, for operational and exhaust emission testing onboard the T/S STATE OF MICHIGAN. This vessel has diesel-electric propulsion with four caterpillar D-398 compression ignition engines; one of these ship service diesel engines was selected as the test engine. The diesel generator sets power both the propulsion motors propelling the ship and provide the electrical power for the hotel loads of the ship. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was blended with the neat HRD fuel in a 50/50-by-volume blend and tested for over 440 hours on the vessel. Exhaust emissions testing was performed while underway on Lake Michigan using the baseline ULSD assessed earlier. A similar profile was run using the blended test fuel. Emission testing was conducted using the ISO 8178 (D2) test cycle. When emissions testing was completed a series of underway and pierside test runs were conducted to accumulate the remaining engine hours, After all testing, the engine conditions were assessed again using a combination of visual inspection and oil analysis. The remainder of the test fuel will be used to conduct a long-term stability test. The setup, test, and results of this testing, currently underway, are reported here with a discussion of MARAD’s alternative fuels test initiative.

PR30C-LE Locomotive With DOC and Urea Based SCR: Baseline and Initial Aftertreatment Emissions Testing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin T. Osborne ◽  
Doug Biagini ◽  
Harold Holmes ◽  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
Michael Jaczola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Emissions Testing

The PR30C-LE is a repowered six-axle, 2,240 kW (3,005 hp), line-haul locomotive that was introduced to the rail industry in 2009. The Caterpillar 3516C-HD Tier 2 engine is equipped with an exhaust aftertreatment module containing selective catalyst reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) technology. PR30C-LE exhaust emission testing was performed on test locomotive PRLX3004. Phase-1 of the test program included the following tasks: engine-out baseline emissions testing without the aftertreatment module installed, aftertreatment module installation, commissioning and degreening, and emissions testing with the aftertreatment. Emission results from testing without the aftertreatment module, referred to as the baseline configuration, indicated that PRLX3004 emissions were below Tier 2 EPA locomotive limits without aftertreatment. Emission test results with the DOC and SCR aftertreatment module showed a reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) of 80 percent over the line-haul cycle, and 59 percent over the switcher cycle. Particulate matter (PM) was reduced by 43 percent over the line-haul cycle and 64 percent over the switcher cycle. Line-haul cycle composite emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced by 93 and 72 percent, respectively. The PR30C-LE locomotive achieved Tier 4 line-haul NOx, CO, HC, as well as Tier 3 PM levels. There are currently five PR30C-LE locomotives in operation in California and Arizona, and the total hour accumulation of the five PR30C-LE locomotives as of October 2011 was 20,000 hours.

scholarly journals Exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s legislative and development emission testing laboratories

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Dariusz KLIMKIEWICZ ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Laboratory Design ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
New Research ◽  
Emissions Testing

The latest legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption determines not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design and additionally leads to the development of new research methods. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in an updated, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber and in parallel investing in a completely new laboratory designed with incoming and future legislative requirements in mind. This paper presents BOSMAL’s improved M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber and BOSMAL’s standard chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with European Union, US and Japanese standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling, analysis and development research possi-bilities and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner, light duty road vehi-cles (including hybrids and electric vehicles). The recently-renovated laboratory with extended standard temperature range and the laboratory with climatic chamber are described in the context of the newest European Union legislation on the emission in the range of Euro 6d testing requirements. The laboratories permit BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

scholarly journals Development of vehicle exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s new emission testing laboratory

2011 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Piotr BIELACZYC ◽  
Andrzej SZCZOTKA ◽  
Piotr PAJDOWSKI ◽  
Joseph WOODBURN
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Climate Simulation ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Design ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Emissions Testing

Legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption is one of the strongest drivers of development in automobile design. Emissions standards in the European Union (EU), USA and Japan determine not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in a new, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber. This paper presents BOSMAL’s new M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with the Euro 5 & 6 and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling and analysis and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner light duty road vehicles. A recently-installed particle number counting system is described in the context of European Union legislation on the emission of particle matter from CI and SI vehicles. The laboratory permits BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development and construction of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

scholarly journals Private Sector Engagement in the Self-Governance of Urban Sustainable Infrastructure: A Study on Alternative Fueling Infrastructure in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12435
Author(s):  
Heewon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Collaborative Governance ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
Incentive Programs ◽  
The U.S

Greenhouse gas emission reduction and decarbonization goals drive citizens’ interests in alternative fuel vehicles and have created fast-growing demands on alternative fuels. While governments are promoting the transition to alternative fuel vehicles, the lack of refueling and recharging infrastructure for the vehicles is a key barrier to the adoption. At the same time, the public sector cannot solely provide needed alternative fueling infrastructure due to limited financial resources. Consequently, governments in the U.S. have been working on facilitating the private sector’s investment in alternative fueling infrastructure. The most common approach was financial incentive programs and policies, but the U.S. also promotes self-organized collaborative governance of alternative fuels across sectors at the local level. This paper asks whether these two approaches stimulate the private sector’s engagement in providing alternative fueling infrastructure. This study uses the case of the Clean Cities program that targets the reduction in petroleum usage, adoption of alternative fuels and creation of self-governance at the local level. Local private businesses, local government agencies and non-profit organizations voluntarily participate in the local transition to alternative fuels. Therefore, this governance aims at facilitating more sustainable actions and business choices in the private sector. This paper tests the hypotheses of whether the local self-governance of Clean Cities increases privately-owned alternative fueling infrastructure using panel fixed-effects Poisson regression models. Based on the data of counties in 12 states from 2004 to 2015, the results of empirical analysis suggest that both self-governance and financial incentive programs are effective in increasing the engagement of private actors in providing alternative fueling infrastructure.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN KINERJA MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK (BBM) DAN BAHAN BAKAR GAS (BBG)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Zainulsjah . ◽  
A. C. Arya ◽  
Senoadi .
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Fuel Subsidies ◽  
Gas Fuel ◽  
Oil Fuel ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

Vehicle population in Indonesia which are fueled by oil increase annually while the petroleum reserves are more limited. Parallel with the increasing oil fuel consumption for the vehicles causing the increasing fuel subsidies and air pollution as well. To reduce the subsidy for oil fuel and the air pollution it is necessary to find out the alternative fuel which is environmentally friendly as a vehicle fuel and are available in huge amount. One of the alternative fuels which is environmentally friendly is the gas fuel. The problems for developing the use of gas fuel are that the availibility of the filling stations are still limited and the users feel unsafe to use the gas fuel. The research results showed at dynamometer (dynotest) that the gas fuel can be used as a alternative fuel for oil but unfortunately the vehicle designed has a declined torque at variable rotation (rpm) and a decrease Pouzer to variable rotation and exhaust emission is very environmental friendly (good) especially causes by decreasing emissions of CO, CO2, HC and O2 and increasing Lamda.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

The Natural Gas Vehicle Challenge '92: Exhaust Emission Testing and Results

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Rimkus ◽  
Robert P. Larsen ◽  
Michael G. Zammit ◽  
James G. Davies ◽  
Gregory S. Salmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Emission Testing ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicle

scholarly journals Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission Reductions of Ships Powered by a Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Power Source

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilltae Roh ◽  
Hansung Kim ◽  
Hyeonmin Jeon ◽  
Kyoungkuk Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Electric Propulsion System ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Hybrid Power Source

The need for technological development to reduce the impact of air pollution caused by ships has been strongly emphasized by many authorities, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This has encouraged research to develop an electric propulsion system using hydrogen fuel with the aim of reducing emissions from ships. This paper describes the test bed we constructed to compare our electric propulsion system with existing power sources. Our system uses hybrid power and a diesel engine generator with a combined capacity of 180 kW. To utilize scale-down methodology, the linear interpolation method is applied. The proposed hybrid power source consists of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), a battery, and a diesel generator, the capacities of which are 100 kW, 30 Kw, and 50 kW, respectively. The experiments we conducted on the test bed were based on the outcome of an analysis of the electrical power consumed in each operating mode considering different types of merchant ships employed in practice. The output, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission reduction rates of the hybrid and conventional power sources were compared based on the load scenarios created for each type of ship. The CO2 emissions of the hybrid system was compared with the case of the diesel generator alone operation for each load scenario, with an average of 70%~74%. This analysis confirmed the effectiveness of using a ship with a fuel-cell-based hybrid power source.

scholarly journals Emission estimates and air quality impacts from the use of alternative fuels by the Titan cement factory in Thessaloniki

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Cement Factory ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Fuel Substitution ◽  
The Impact

Cement production is an energy-intensive process. Utilisation of fossil fuels is common practice in the cement industry around the world. Alternative fuel substitution rates increase every year. More specifically, 18 % of the fuel used by the European cement industry in 2006 consists of alternative fuels. This study aims to investigate the prospects for the partial replacement of conventional fossil fuels currently used in the TITAN cement factory in Thessaloniki, Greece, with alternative fuels, focusing on the impact of alternative fuel use on the emissions of air pollutants from co-incineration operations. Air emissions were estimated for both the conventional fuel and mixtures of conventional fuel with alternative fuels, based on emission factors found in the literature but also using the measurements conducted by TITAN in 2010. Emission estimates indicate that legislative limit values for all pollutants are not exceeded. Based on the emission estimates and measurements in the flue gas, the dispersion of the plume around the factory has been described with an appropriate numerical simulation model. Results suggest that the factory’s contribution to the air pollution levels in the surrounding area is very low for most regulated pollutants.

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