Current Status of Radioactive Waste Disposal in Russia

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Gupalo ◽  
V. V. Lopatin ◽  
N. F. Lobanov
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Closed Fuel Cycle ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Geological Formations

A huge amount of radioactive waste has been accumulated in the Russian Federation (RF) in the course of implementation of the defense and energy programs, industrial and research activity involving the use of nuclear materials. The most justified and technically feasible technology of solidified RW isolation is its disposition in low-permeable geological formations in specially constructed underground facilities. Today in Russia a Closed Fuel Cycle (CFC) has been adopted, at the CFC final stage the spent nuclear materials and radioactive waste have to be isolated from the biosphere for the whole term of their potential hazard. In Russia, in accordance with the regional approach to the decision of Radioactive Waste (RW) disposal problem, several candidate disposal sites have been assigned.

An Overview of US EPA’s Current Radioactive Waste Management and General Radiation Protection Efforts

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Thomas Peake ◽  
Daniel Schultheisz ◽  
Loren W. Setlow ◽  
Brian Littleton ◽  
Reid Rosnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
The United States ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Environmental Standards

The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Radiation Protection Division is the portion of EPA (or the Agency) that develops environmental standards for radioactive waste disposal in the United States. One current issue of concern is the disposal of low activity radioactive waste (LAW), including wastes that would be produced by a radiological dispersal device (RDD), for which current disposal options may be either inconsistent with the hazard presented by the material or logistically problematic. Another major issue is related to the resurgence in uranium mining. Over the past several years, demand for uranium for nuclear power plant fuel has increased as has the price. The increase in price has made uranium mining potentially profitable in the US. EPA is reviewing its relevant regulations, developed primarily in the 1980s, for potential revisions. For example, in-situ leaching (also known as in-situ recovery) is now the technology of choice where applicable, yet our current environmental standards are focused on conventional uranium milling. EPA has two actions in process, one related to the Clean Air Act, the other related to revising the environmental standards that implement the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 (UMTRCA). Separately, but related, EPA has developed over the last several years uranium mining documents that address technologically enhanced natural occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) from abandoned uranium mines, and wastes generated by active uranium extraction facilities. Lastly, in 1977 EPA developed environmental standards that address nuclear energy, fuel fabrication, reprocessing, and other aspects of the uranium fuel cycle. In light of the increased interest in nuclear power and the potential implementation of advanced fuel cycle technologies, the Agency is now reviewing the standards to determine their continued applicability for the twenty-first century.

Solubility data in radioactive waste disposal

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Wanner
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Spent Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Deep Geological Disposal ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Natural Barriers

Radioactive waste arises mainly from the generation of nuclear power but also from the use of radioactive materials in medicine, industry, and research. It occurs in a variety of forms and may range from slightly to highly radioactive. It is a worldwide consensus that radioactive waste should be disposed of in a permanent way which ensures protection of humans and the environment. This objective may be achieved by isolating radioactive waste in a disposal system which is located, designed, constructed, operated, and closed such that any potential hazard to human health is kept acceptably low, now and in the future.For highly radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, which are the waste types representing the highest potential danger to human health, an effective isolation from the biosphere is considered to be achievable by deep geological disposal. Disposal concepts rely on the passive safety functions of a series of engineered and natural barriers. Since total isolation over extended timescales is not possible, radionuclides will eventually be released from the waste matrix and migrate through the engineered and natural barriers. The assessment of their mobility in these environments is essential for the safety demonstration of such a repository. The solubility of many radionuclides is limited and may contribute significantly to retention. Reliable predictions of solubility limitations are therefore important.Predictions of maximum solubilities are always subject to uncertainties. Complete sets of thermodynamic and equilibrium data are required for a reliable assessment of the chemical behavior of the radionuclides. Gaps in the thermodynamic databases may lead to erroneous predictions. Missing data and insufficient knowledge of the solubility-limiting processes increase the uncertainties and require pessimistic assumptions in the safety analysis; however, these are usually not detrimental to safety owing to the robustness of the multi-barrier approach.

scholarly journals Source Term Development For Tritium at the Sheffield Disposal Site

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mackenzie ◽  
R. E. Barletta ◽  
J. F. Smalley ◽  
C. R. Kempf ◽  
R. E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Source Term ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
Waste Disposal Site ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Low Level Radioactive Waste

AbstractThe Sheffield low-level radioactive waste disposal site, which ceased operation in 1978, has been the focus of modeling efforts by the NRC for the purpose of predicting long-term site behavior. To provide the NRC with information required for its modeling effort, a study to define the source term for tritium in eight trenches at the Sheffield site has been undertaken. Tritium is of special interest since significant concentrations of the isotope have been found in groundwater samples taken at the site and at locations outside the original site boundary. Previous estimates of tritium site inventory at Sheffield are in wide disagreement. In this study, the tritium inventory in the eight trenches was estimated by reviewing the radioactive shipping records (RSRs) for waste buried in these trenches. It has been found that the tritium shipped for burial at the site was probably higher than previously estimated. In the eight trenches surveyed, which amount to roughly one half the total volume and activity buried at Sheffield, approximately 2350 Ci of tritium from non-fuel cycle sources were identified.

scholarly journals Tectonic Processes Modeling For High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Vladislav Morozov ◽  
Victor Tatarinov ◽  
Ilya Kolesnikov ◽  
Alexander Kagan ◽  
Tatiana Tatarinova
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Tectonic Block ◽  
High Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Geodynamic Processes ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
High Level ◽  
Geological Formations

The possibility of using deep geological formations to dispose of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is a subject raising heated debate among scientists. In Russia, the idea of constructing HLW repository in the Niznekansky granitoid massif (NKM) in Krasnoyarsk area is widely discussed. To solve this problem we are elaborating a technology associated with time – space stability prediction of the geological environment, which is subject to geodynamic processes evolutionary effects. It is based on the prediction of isolation properties stability in a structural tectonic block of the Earth’s crust for a given time. The danger is in the possibility that the selected structural block may be broken by new tectonic faults or movements on a passive fault may be activated and thus underground water may penetrate to HLW containers.

Doses Forming Paths of External Irradiation of Personnel on Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Yakimenco ◽  
T. I. Paramonova ◽  
V. A. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Fuel Cycle ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
External Irradiation ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Term Storage ◽  
Centralized System

The centralized system of radioactive waste management formed beyond of a nuclear fuel cycle exist in Russia. In territory of Russian Federation 16 regional specialized combines (SO) “Radon” are located, the majority of them is entered into operation in the first half 60th years. The specialized combines “Radon” are carrying out centralized collection, RW transportation, processing, localization and long-term storage of RW low and average activity, delivery service of new sources of ionizing radiation to users, take part in liquidation of radioactive contamination of served territory, carry out an nature-conservative measures of pollution prevention of the environment fromradioactive substances and ensuring radiation safety of population. For years of their existence total number of the personnel has made hundreds person. In most cases the personnel of combines are under a radiation control since time of introduction of objects in operation, about 40 years.

scholarly journals Underground Research Laboratory in “the Yenisei” Section of the Nizhnekansky Massif of the Krasnoyarsk Region

2019 ◽  
pp. 830-841
Author(s):  
Igor I. Linge ◽  
Sergey S. Utkin ◽  
Tatiana A. Kulagina ◽  
Nikolay N. Trokhov
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Disposal Facility ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Underground Research Laboratory

The issues of the construction and operation of an underground research laboratory for the purpose of substantiating the long-term safety of the deep radioactive waste disposal facility in the Russian Federation from the perspective of scientific support are considered. The basic principles are stated and the key directions of a long-term program of scientific research, including in an underground laboratory, are justified for assessing and substantiating the safety of an object at all stages of its life cycle

scholarly journals Current Status of High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal in Japan and Foreign Countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Satoru TANAKA ◽  
Hiromi TANABE ◽  
Hidehiko YAMACHIKA ◽  
Yusuke INAGAKI ◽  
Hisahiro ISHIDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Level Radioactive Waste ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
High Level
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document