Observer Based Cylinder Air Charge Estimation for Spark Ignition Engines

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Qilun Zhu ◽  
Robert Prucka ◽  
Michael Prucka ◽  
Hussein Dourra
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rapid Prototype ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Absolute Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Spark ignition engine in-cylinder air charge estimation is important for air-to-fuel ratio control, maintaining high after-treatment efficiency, and determination of current engine torque. Current cylinder air charge estimation methodologies generally depend upon either a mass air flow (MAF) sensor or a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor individually. Methods based on either sensor have their own advantages and disadvantages. Some production vehicles are equipped with both MAF and MAP sensors to offer air charge estimation and other benefits. This research proposes several observer based cylinder air charge estimation methods that take advantage of both MAF and MAP sensors to potentially reduce calibration work while providing acceptable transient and steady-state accuracy with low computational load. This research also compares several common air estimation methods with the proposed observer based algorithms using steady-state and transient dynamometer tests and a rapid-prototype engine controller. With appropriate tuning the proposed observer based methods are able to estimate cylinder air charge mass under different engine operating conditions based on the manifold model and available sensors. Methods are validated and compared based on a continuous tip-in tip-out operating condition.

Observer-Based Cylinder Air Charge Estimation for Spark-Ignition Engines

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Qilun Zhu ◽  
Robert Prucka ◽  
Michael Prucka ◽  
Hussein Dourra
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rapid Prototype ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Absolute Pressure ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Spark-ignition engine in-cylinder air charge estimation is important for air-to-fuel ratio (AFR) control, maintaining high after-treatment efficiency, and determination of current engine torque. Current cylinder air charge estimation methodologies generally depend upon either a mass air flow (MAF) sensor or a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor individually. Methods based on either sensor have their own advantages and disadvantages. Some production vehicles are equipped with both MAF and MAP sensors to offer air charge estimation and other benefits. This research proposes several observer-based cylinder air charge estimation methods that take advantage of both MAF and MAP sensors to potentially reduce calibration work while providing acceptable transient and steady-state accuracy with low computational load. This research also compares several common air estimation methods with the proposed observer-based algorithms using steady-state and transient dynamometer tests and a rapid-prototype engine controller. With appropriate tuning, the proposed observer-based methods are able to estimate cylinder air charge mass under different engine operating conditions based on the manifold model and available sensors. Methods are validated and compared based on a continuous tip-in tip-out operating condition.

scholarly journals Ethanol/Gasoline Blends as Alternative Fuel in Last Generation Spark-Ignition Engines: A Review on CO and HC Engine Out Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 4034
Author(s):  
Paolo Iodice ◽  
Massimo Cardone
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
The Impact

Among the alternative fuels existing for spark-ignition engines, ethanol is considered worldwide as an important renewable fuel when mixed with pure gasoline because of its favorable physicochemical properties. An in-depth and updated investigation on the issue of CO and HC engine out emissions related to use of ethanol/gasoline fuels in spark-ignition engines is therefore necessary. Starting from our experimental studies on engine out emissions of a last generation spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels, the aim of this new investigation is to offer a complete literature review on the present state of ethanol combustion in last generation spark-ignition engines under real working conditions to clarify the possible change in CO and HC emissions. In the first section of this paper, a comparison between physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline is examined to assess the practicability of using ethanol as an alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines and to investigate the effect on engine out emissions and combustion efficiency. In the next section, this article focuses on the impact of ethanol/gasoline fuels on CO and HC formation. Many studies related to combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in spark-ignition engines fueled with ethanol/gasoline fuels are thus discussed in detail. Most of these experimental investigations conclude that the addition of ethanol with gasoline fuel mixtures can really decrease the CO and HC exhaust emissions of last generation spark-ignition engines in several operating conditions.

Laminar flame speed correlations for methane, ethane, propane and their mixtures, and natural gas and gasoline for spark-ignition engine simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Amirante ◽  
Elia Distaso ◽  
Paolo Tamburrano ◽  
Rolf D Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Empirical Correlations

The laminar flame speed plays an important role in spark-ignition engines, as well as in many other combustion applications, such as in designing burners and predicting explosions. For this reason, it has been object of extensive research. Analytical correlations that allow it to be calculated have been developed and are used in engine simulations. They are usually preferred to detailed chemical kinetic models for saving computational time. Therefore, an accurate as possible formulation for such expressions is needed for successful simulations. However, many previous empirical correlations have been based on a limited set of experimental measurements, which have been often carried out over a limited range of operating conditions. Thus, it can result in low accuracy and usability. In this study, measurements of laminar flame speeds obtained by several workers are collected, compared and critically analyzed with the aim to develop more accurate empirical correlations for laminar flame speeds as a function of equivalence ratio and unburned mixture temperature and pressure over a wide range of operating conditions, namely [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The purpose is to provide simple and workable expressions for modeling the laminar flame speed of practical fuels used in spark-ignition engines. Pure compounds, such as methane and propane and binary mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, as well as more complex fuels including natural gas and gasoline, are considered. A comparison with available empirical correlations in the literature is also provided.

scholarly journals Improving Fuel Economy of Spark Ignition Engines Applying the Combined Method of Power Regulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurii Gutarevych ◽  
Vasyl Mateichyk ◽  
Jonas Matijošius ◽  
Alfredas Rimkus ◽  
Igor Gritsuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Combined Method ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Fuel Supply ◽  
Power Regulation ◽  
Engine Power

One of the disadvantages of spark ignition engines, whose power is regulated by throttling, is the increased fuel consumption at low loads and when the engine is idle. The combined method of engine power regulation by switching off the cylinder group and throttling working cylinders is one of the effective ways to improve fuel economy in the above-mentioned modes. This article presents the research results of the combined method of engine power regulation which can be realized by minor structural changes in operating conditions. The method implies the following: at low loads and at idle speed of the engine. Fuel supply to the group of cylinders is switched off with the simultaneous increase of the cyclic fuel supply in the working cylinders. The adequacy of the calculated results has been checked by the indication of operating processes in switched off and working cylinders. The research results of a six-cylinder spark ignition engine with the distributed gasoline injection using the combined power regulation system have been shown. The angles of opening the throttle which provides a non-shock transition from the operation with all cylinders to the operation with the cylinder group switched off have been determined.

scholarly journals Evaluation of residual gas fraction estimation methods for cycle-to-cycle combustion variability analysis and modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742098308
Author(s):  
Bryan P Maldonado ◽  
Brian C Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Field Homogeneity ◽  
Residual Gas Fraction ◽  
Residual Gas

Cycle-to-cycle combustion variability in spark-ignition engines during normal operation is mainly caused by random perturbations of the in-cylinder conditions such as the flow velocity field, homogeneity of the air-fuel distribution, spark energy discharge, and turbulence intensity of the flame front. Such perturbations translate into the variability of the energy released observed at the end of the combustion process. During normal operating conditions, the cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) of the energy release behaves as random uncorrelated noise. However, during diluted combustion, in either the form of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or excess air (lean operation), the CCV tends to increase as dilution increases. Moreover, when the ignition limit is reached at high dilution levels, the combustion CCV is exacerbated by sporadic occurrences of incomplete combustion events, and the uncorrelation assumption no longer holds. The low or null energy released by partial burns and misfires has an impact on the following combustion event due to the residual gas that carries burned and unburned gases, which contributes to the deterministic coupling between engine cycles. Many residual gas fraction estimation methods, however, only address the nominal case where complete combustion occurs and combustion events are uncorrelated. This study evaluates the efficacy of such methods on capturing the effects of partial burns and misfires on the residual gas estimate for high-EGR operation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed based on their ability to generate cycle-to-cycle estimates. Finally, a comparison between the different estimation techniques is presented based on their usefulness for control-oriented modeling.

scholarly journals Detailed Experimental Investigation of A Spark Ignition Engine in A Wide Range of Work

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melih Yıldız ◽  
Bilge Albayrak Çeper
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Wide Range

For years, the goal of vehicle manufacturers; combustion control of spark ignition engines, ease of passage between the various cycles For years, the goal of vehicle manufacturers; combustion control of spark ignition engines, ease of passage between the various cycles, low emission values of diesel engines, high fuel economy and output power, thereby achieving optimum values in internal combustion engines. In this context, to improve the engine performance and increase the volumetric and thermal efficiency of the engine in all operating conditions to minimize the power losses and to reduce the exhaust emissions in order to obtain the maximum power, most economical and without environmental pollution, continues to be updated. In this study, the optimum working map of the engine was obtained by considering the power, torque, specific fuel consumption, cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature, thermal efficiency, average effective pressure, heat dissipation rate and emissions of four stroke, two cylinder, spark ignition SI engine fuel.

A comparative study of the performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine fuelled by natural gas and gasoline

1997 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Evans ◽  
J Blaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lean Limit

The purpose of this study was to obtain a detailed comparison of engine performance and exhaust emissions from natural gas and gasoline fuelled spark ignition engines. Each fuel was tested at both wide-open throttle and two part-load operating conditions over a wide range of air—fuel ratios. The results show that the power output of the engine at a given throttle position was reduced by about 12 per cent when fuelled by natural gas due to displacement of air by the gas. The emission levels for natural gas were lower by from 5 to 50 per cent, depending on the pollutant, compared to gasoline. On an energy basis, both fuels exhibited nearly equal thermal efficiency, except that at very lean air—fuel ratios natural gas showed increased efficiency due to an extension of the lean limit of combustion.

scholarly journals Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Farhad Salek ◽  
Meisam Babaie ◽  
Amin Shakeri ◽  
Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Hc Emissions

This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.

Assessment of the reliability of ionization current measurement in estimating peak pressure angle in a spark ignition engine

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110399
Author(s):  
Veniero Giglio ◽  
Livia Della Ragione ◽  
Alessandro di Gaeta ◽  
Natale Rispoli
Keyword(s):  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pressure Angle ◽  
Ionization Current ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Second Peak

Ionization current measured at the spark plug during combustion in spark ignition engines has often been proposed to determine the crank-angle at combustion pressure peak, namely the peak pressure angle, for the purpose of regulating spark timing to attain maximum brake torque (MBT). The proposal is based on the assumption that agreement exists between peak pressure angle and the angular position of the ionization current second peak, although no one has ever proved it by an appropriate statistical analysis. The aim of this work, for the first time and by rigorous statistical methods, is to prove the agreement between Peak Pressure Angle and Ionization Current Second Peak Angle (ICSPA), without which a MBT control via ICSPA would be ineffective. Our experimental database consisted of about 9000 pairs of Peak Pressure Angle and Ionization Current Second Peak Angle values corresponding to 90 different operating conditions of a spark ignition engine. A two-sample comparison was first carried out between mean values of Peak Pressure Angle and Ionization Current Second Peak Angle, which showed a statistically significant difference between them. Then Bland-Altman analysis (Lancet, 1986), widely known and used for checking agreement between two different measurement methods, was conducted. It demonstrated that under almost all the experimental operating conditions, there was no agreement between the Ionization Current Second Peak Angle and the Peak Pressure Angle.

Experimental research on pumping losses and combustion performance in an unthrottled spark ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (7) ◽  
pp. 888-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Sun ◽  
Yingjie Chang ◽  
Zongfa Xie ◽  
Kaiyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Valve Lift ◽  
Combustion Characteristic ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Intake Valve ◽  
Valve System ◽  
Combustion Performance ◽  
Intake Swirl ◽  
Variable Valve

A novel fully hydraulic variable valve system is described in this paper, which achieves continuous variations in maximum valve lift, valve opening duration, and the timing of valve closing. The load of the unthrottled spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system is controlled by using an early intake valve closing rather than the conventional throttle valve. The experiments were carried out on BJ486EQ spark ignition engine with fully hydraulic variable valve system. Pumping losses of the throttled and unthrottled spark ignition engines at low-to-medium loads are compared and the reason of it decreasing significantly in the unthrottled spark igntion engine is analyzed. The combustion characteristic parameters, such as cyclic variation, CA50, and heat release rate, were analyzed. The primary reasons for the lower combustion rate in the unthrottled spark ignition engines are discussed. In order to improve the evaporation of fuel and mix with air in an unthrottled spark ignition engine, the in-cylinder swirl is organized with a helical intake valve, which can generate a strong intake swirl at low intake valve lifts. The effects of the intake swirl on combustion performance are investigated. Compared with the throttled spark ignition engine, the brake specific fuel consumption of the improved unthrottled spark ignition engine is reduced by 4.1% to 11.2%.

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