Comparisons of Emissions Characteristics of Several Turbine Engines Burning Fischer-Tropsch and Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids Alternative Jet Fuels

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Corporan ◽  
Matthew J. DeWitt ◽  
Christopher D. Klingshirn ◽  
David Anneken ◽  
Linda Shafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Engine Power

A summary of the impacts of alternative fuel blends on the gaseous and particulate matter (PM) (mostly soot) emissions of aircraft turbine engines is presented. Six engines were studied under several US Air Force and NASA sponsored programs to assess the impacts of the alternative (non-petroleum) fuels on emissions and/or to support the certification of military aircraft for the use of 50/50 (by volume) alternative fuel/JP-8 blends. One turboshaft (T63) and five turbofan (CFM56-7, CFM56-2, F117, TF33 and PW308) engines were studied. Fuels derived from coal and natural gas produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis, and fuels from animal fats and plant oils produced via hydroprocessing [Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA)] were evaluated. Trends of alternative fuel impacts on emissions compared to conventional fuel for the different engine types are discussed. Results consistently show significant reductions in PM emissions with the alternative fuel blends compared to operation with conventional fuels. These relative reductions were observed to be lower as engine power increased. Engines operated with different alternative fuel blends were found to produce similar slopes of normalized particle number to engine power with only the magnitude of the reductions being a function of the fuel type. These results suggest that it may be plausible to predict particle number emissions from turbine engines operated on alternative fuels based on engine, engine setting, limited PM data and fuel composition. Gaseous emissions measurements show modest reductions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) with the alternative fuels for several engines; however, no clear dependency of fuel impacts based on engine characteristics were observed.

scholarly journals Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Biofuels Exergy and Energy Analysis for Low Emissions Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5958
Author(s):  
Felipe Andrade Torres ◽  
Omid Doustdar ◽  
Jose Martin Herreros ◽  
Runzhao Li ◽  
Robert Poku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
New Generation

This research investigates the effects of a synthetic diesel-like fuel (Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) fuel blends on the energy-exergy efficiencies and gaseous exhaust emissions characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Two blends of alternative fuels denoted as E15B35FTD50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% Fischer-Tropsch diesel) and E15B35D50 (15% ethanol, 35% biodiesel, and 50% diesel) were experimentally studied on a single-cylinder diesel engine and compared to diesel fuel. The results show that the energetic and the exergetic efficiencies of the alternative fuels are comparable to those of the engine fueled with diesel fuel. The unburnt HC, NO, N2O, and NH3 emissions were reduced for the two alternative fuel blends compared to diesel, while CO emissions increased. The light HC species were found to slightly increase for the alternative fuel blends in comparison with diesel fuel. However, the total HC was considerably reduced by the combustion of E15B35FTD50 not only when compared to the diesel fuel combustion, but also when compared to E15B35D50. Overall, these results may contribute to identifying advantages and limitations in terms of energetic-exergetic analysis and emissions for the new generation of conventional diesel and hybrid electric vehicles that aim to achieve future emissions regulations.

Influence of Fuel Composition, Engine Power and Operation Mode on Exhaust Gas Particulate Size Distribution and Gaseous Emissions From a Gas Turbine Engine

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Li ◽  
Mohamed A. Altaher ◽  
Chris Wilson ◽  
Simon Blakey ◽  
Winson Chung
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Fuel Composition ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Full Power ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Engine Power

The impact of fuel composition, engine power (idle and full power) and operation mode (cold and hot idle) on the gaseous emissions, particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions from an aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) was investigated. A re-commissioned Artouste MK113 APU engine was used. The engine was run at three operational modes: i.e. approximately 6 minutes at idle (cold idle) after stabilized from start, 6 minutes at full power and then returning to idle again (hot idle) for 6 minutes. All operating parameters of the engine were monitored and recorded. The engine exhaust particle measurements and gaseous emissions were taken at three operating modes. Five alternative fuels/blending components were tested and compared to neat conventional JetA1 fuel either in pure or blended forms. These fuels varied in their compositions in terms of H/C ratio, density and other properties. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) with a Nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer (NDMA) was used to determine the number and mass concentration and size distribution of engine exhaust in the size range from 5 nm to 160 nm. The influence of fuel elemental ratio (H/C), engine power and cold/hot operation on particle number and mass size distribution was investigated. The results show that there was a good correlation between fuels H/C ratio and particle concentrations, particle size and distributions characteristics. The engine at hot idle produced ∼20% less particles compare to the results at cold idle. The alternative fuel blends produced less particles than JetA1 fuel. The testing fuels produced similar levels of NOx, slight reductions in CO and remarkable reductions in UHC compared to JetA1.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Biofuels and Fischer–Tropsch Diesel Blends on the Engine Combustion Performance for Reducing Exhaust Gaseous and Particulate Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538
Author(s):  
Felipe Andrade Torres ◽  
Omid Doustdar ◽  
Jose Martin Herreros ◽  
Runzhao Li ◽  
Robert Poku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Engine Combustion

The worldwide consumption of fossil hydrocarbons in the road transport sector in 2020 corresponded to roughly half of the overall consumption. However, biofuels have been discreetly contributing to mitigate gaseous emissions and participating in sustainable development, and thus leading to the extending of the commercial utilization of internal combustion engines. In this scenario, the present work aims at exploring the effects of alternative fuels containing a blend of 15% ethanol and 35% biodiesel with a 50% fossil diesel (E15D50B35) or 50% Fischer–Tropsch (F-T) diesel (E15FTD50B35) on the engine combustion, exhaust emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), particulate emissions characteristics as well as the performance of an aftertreatment system of a common rail diesel engine. It was found that one of the blends (E15FTD50B35) showed more than 30% reduction in PM concentration number, more than 25% reduction in mean particle size, and more than 85% reduction in total PM mass with respect to conventional diesel fuel. Additionally, it was found that the E15FTD50B35 blend reduces gaseous emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC) by more than 25% and NO by 3.8%. The oxidation catalyst was effective in carbonaceous emissions reduction, despite the catalyst light-off being slightly delayed in comparison to diesel fuel blends.

Characterization of Emissions From the Use of Alternative Aviation Fuels

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak W. Chan ◽  
Wajid A. Chishty ◽  
Pervez Canteenwalla ◽  
David Buote ◽  
Craig R. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Alternative Aviation Fuels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

Alternative fuels for aviation are now a reality. These fuels not only reduce reliance on conventional petroleum-based fuels as the primary propulsion source, but also offer promise for environmental sustainability. While these alternative fuels meet the aviation fuels standards and their overall properties resemble those of the conventional fuel, they are expected to demonstrate different exhaust emissions characteristics because of the inherent variations in their chemical composition resulting from the variations involved in the processing of these fuels. This paper presents the results of back-to-back comparison of emissions characterization tests that were performed using three alternative aviation fuels in a GE CF-700-2D-2 engine core. The fuels used were an unblended synthetic kerosene fuel with aromatics (SKA), an unblended Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) and a semisynthetic 50–50 blend of Jet A-1 and hydroprocessed SPK. Results indicate that while there is little dissimilarity in the gaseous emissions profiles from these alternative fuels, there is however a significant difference in the particulate matter emissions from these fuels. These differences are primarily attributed to the variations in the aromatic and hydrogen contents in the fuels with some contributions from the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the fuels.

scholarly journals Performance Measure of CI Engine by Varyingblends with Different Proportions and Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12595-12598
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Nozzle Injection ◽  
Automobile Engines ◽  
Ci Engine

Many researchers have been working on alternative fuels and it blends in order to enhance the performance of automobiles. There are number of alternative fuel blends have been tested on automobile engines and their performances have been analyzed. In this present work, Methyl Ester from Waste cooking oil to be prepared and going to blend with Diesel with different ratios, is an alternative fuel. The experiment is going to be conducted on the air cooled four stroke Diesel engine using these blends with different proportions and nozzle injection pressures, finally its performance characteristics to be analyzed.

Characterization of Emissions From the Use of Alternative Aviation Fuels

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak W. Chan ◽  
Wajid A. Chishty ◽  
Pervez Canteenwalla ◽  
David Buote ◽  
Craig R. Davison
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Alternative Aviation Fuels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

Alternative fuels for aviation are now a reality. These fuels not only reduce reliance on conventional petroleum-based fuels as the primary propulsion source, but also offer promise for environmental sustainability. While these alternative fuels meet the aviation fuels standards and their overall properties resemble those of the conventional fuel, they are expected to demonstrate different exhaust emissions characteristics because of the inherent variations in their chemical composition resulting from the variations involved in the processing of these fuels. This paper presents the results of back-to-back comparison of emissions characterization tests that were performed using three alternative aviation fuels in a GE CF-700-2D-2 engine core. The fuels used were an unblended synthetic kerosene fuel with aromatics (SKA), an unblended Fischer Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) and a semi-synthetic 50-50 blend of Jet A-1 and hydroprocessed SPK. Results indicate that while there is little dissimilarity in the gaseous emissions profiles from these alternative fuels, there is however a significant difference in the particulate matter emissions from these fuels. These differences are primarily attributed to the variations in the aromatic and hydrogen contents in the fuels with some contributions from the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the fuels.

On-Board Measurements of Particle Emissions from a Diesel Car Fuelled with Alternative Fuels Based on Different Road Types

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 1166-1170
Author(s):  
Di Yao ◽  
Di Ming Lou ◽  
Yuan Hu Zhi ◽  
Pi Qiang Tan ◽  
Qian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Particle Emissions ◽  
Mixture Ratio ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Emission Ratios

In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads. The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10% biodiesel blend (BD10), 10% coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10% gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio. Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high. The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bu10, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.

scholarly journals Airplane materials compatibility with blends of fossil kerosene Jet A1 with biokerosenes from babassu, palm kernel and coconut oils

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1066-1075 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Babassu Palm

<div> <p>Currently there is a big interest to increase the sources of alternative fuels for aviation to get a reduction of their carbon footprint and the deep energetic dependence from fossil fuels of different countries. Although there are studies about how to produce this alternative fuel and if it accomplishes the standards for a good performance in the aircraft turbines, there are no studies about how these fuels could affect the different materials of airplanes. In this context this work describes the compatibility of biokerosene blends of coconut, babassu and palm kernel with commercial Jet A-1 testing airplane polymeric materials, metals and composites. As a conclusion, all material samples show a good compatibility with the fuel blends tested.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of the Turbine Engine Fueled with HEFA Blends from Different Feedstocks

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Gawron ◽  
Tomasz Białecki ◽  
Anna Janicka ◽  
Tomasz Suchocki
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Performance And Emission

In the next decade, due to the desire for significant reduction in the carbon footprint left by the aviation sector and the development of a sustainable alternatives to petroleum, fuel from renewable sources will play an increasing role as a propellant for turbine aircraft engines. Currently, apart from five types of jet fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons that are certified by the ASTM D7566 standard, there is yet another synthetic blending component that is at the stage of testing and certification. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids enable the production of a synthetic component for jet fuel from any form of native fat or oil. Used feedstock affects the final synthetic blending component composition and consequently the properties of the blend for jet fuel and, as a result, the operation of turbine engines. A specialized laboratory test rig with a miniature turbojet engine was used for research, which is an interesting alternative to complex and expensive tests with full scale turbine engines. The results of this study revealed the differences in the parameters of engine performance and emission characteristics between tested fuels with synthetic blending components and neat jet fuel. The synthetic blending component was obtained from two different feedstock. Noticeable changes were obtained for fuel consumption, CO and NOx emissions. With the addition of the hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) component, the fuel consumption and CO emissions decrease. The opposite trend was observed for NOx emission. The tests presented in this article are a continuation of the authors’ research area related to alternative fuels for aviation.

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