Evaluation of Combustion Performance of a Coal-Derived Synthetic Jet Fuel

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Lin ◽  
Yuzhen Lin ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Quanhong Xu ◽  
Chih-Jen Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Engine Testing ◽  
Chinese Standard

For application to aircraft turbines, the present work experimentally examines the physical and combustion-related properties of an F-T synthetic jet fuel relative to the Chinese standard jet fuel, RP-3. This fuel, derived from coal feedstock, is characterized in terms of its physical properties such as density, flash point, freezing point, surface tension, viscosity, and heating value in accordance with Chinese National Standard Testing Methods. Subsequently, several important characteristics relevant to its use in aircraft turbine engines are investigated using a single cup model combustor rig, including atomization, ignition, blowout, and exhaust emissions experiments are carried out. Preliminary results suggest that the use of coal-derived synthetic jet fuel will not result in adverse effects on the performance of an aircraft turbine combustor relative to conventional aviation kerosene. These initial results support the conclusion that full-scale engine testing is warranted to further investigate the performance of F-T synthetic jet fuels in practical systems, and to determine its ability to act as a “drop-in” replacement for traditional aviation fuel.

Ignition Characteristics of a Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Jet Fuel

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gokulakrishnan ◽  
M. S. Klassen ◽  
R. J. Roby
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Ignition Characteristics

Ignition delay times of a “real” synthetic jet fuel (S8) were measured using an atmospheric pressure flow reactor facility. Experiments were performed between 900 K and 1200 K at equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 1.5. Ignition delay time measurements were also performed with JP8 fuel for comparison. Liquid fuel was prevaporized to gaseous form in a preheated nitrogen environment before mixing with air in the premixing section, located at the entrance to the test section of the flow reactor. The experimental data show shorter ignition delay times for S8 fuel than for JP8 due to the absence of aromatic components in S8 fuel. However, the ignition delay time measurements indicate higher overall activation energy for S8 fuel than for JP8. A detailed surrogate kinetic model for S8 was developed by validating against the ignition delay times obtained in the present work. The chemical composition of S8 used in the experiments consisted of 99.7 vol% paraffins of which approximately 80 vol% was iso-paraffins and 20% n-paraffins. The detailed kinetic mechanism developed in the current work included n-decane and iso-octane as the surrogate components to model ignition characteristics of synthetic jet fuels. The detailed surrogate kinetic model has approximately 700 species and 2000 reactions. This kinetic mechanism represents a five-component surrogate mixture to model generic kerosene-type jets fuels, namely, n-decane (for n-paraffins), iso-octane (for iso-paraffins), n-propylcyclohexane (for naphthenes), n-propylbenzene (for aromatics) and decene (for olefins). The sensitivity of iso-paraffins on jet fuel ignition delay times was investigated using the detailed kinetic model. The amount of iso-paraffins present in the jet fuel has little effect on the ignition delay times in the high temperature oxidation regime. However, the presence of iso-paraffins in synthetic jet fuels can increase the ignition delay times by two orders of magnitude in the negative temperature (NTC) region between 700 K and 900 K, typical gas turbine conditions. This feature can have a favorable impact on preventing flashback caused by the premature autoignition of liquid fuels in lean premixed prevaporized (LPP) combustion systems.

Experimental and Modeling Study of the Combustion of Synthetic Jet Fuels: Naphtenic Cut and Blend With a GtL Jet Fuel

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Dagaut ◽  
Pascal Diévart
Keyword(s):  
Air Transportation ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Kinetic Reaction ◽  
Experimental Database ◽  
Initial Fuel ◽  
Kinetics Of

Research on the production and combustion of synthetic jet fuels has recently gained importance because of their potential for addressing security of supply and sustainable air transportation challenges. The combustion of a 100% naphtenic cut that fits with typical chemical composition of products coming from biomass or coal liquefaction (C12.64H23.64; M=175.32 g.mol−1; H/C=1.87; DCN=39; density=863.1 g.L−1) and a 50% vol. mixture with Gas to Liquid from Shell (mixture: C11.54H23.35; M=161.83 g.mol−1; H/C=2.02; DCN=46; density=800.3 g.L−1) were studied in a jetstirred reactor under the same conditions (temperature, 550–1150 K; pressure, 10 bar; equivalence ratio, 0.5, 1, and 2; initial fuel concentration, 1000 ppm). Surrogate model-fuels were designed based on fuel composition and properties for simulating the kinetics of oxidation of these fuels. We used new model-fuels consisting of mixtures of n-decane, decalin, tetralin, 2-methylheptane, 3-methylheptane, n-propyl cyclohexane, and n-propylbenzene. The detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism proposed was validated using the entire experimental database obtained in the present work and for the oxidation of pure GtL, we used previous results. Kinetic computations involving reaction paths analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to interpret the results.

scholarly journals Energy System Modelling Challenges for Synthetic Fuels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seokyoung Kim ◽  
Paul E. Dodds ◽  
Isabela Butnar
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Negative Emissions

Long-distance air travel requires fuel with a high specific energy and a high energy density. There are no viable alternatives to carbon-based fuels. Synthetic jet fuel from the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, employing sustainable feedstocks, is a potential low-carbon alternative. A number of synthetic fuel production routes have been developed, using a range of feedstocks including biomass, waste, hydrogen and captured CO2. We review three energy system models and find that many of these production routes are not represented. We examine the market share of synthetic fuels in each model in a scenario in which the Paris Agreement target is achieved. In 2050, it is cheaper to use conventional jet fuel coupled with a negative emissions technology than to produce sustainable synthetic fuels in the TIAM-UCL and UK TIMES models. However, the JRC-EU-TIMES model, which represents the most production routes, finds a substantial role for synthetic jet fuels, partly because underground CO2 storage is assumed limited. These scenarios demonstrate a strong link between synthetic fuels, carbon capture and storage, and negative emissions. Future model improvements include better representing blending limits for synthetic jet fuels to meet international fuel standards, reducing the costs of synthetic fuels, and ensuring production routes are sustainable.

Physical-Chemical Properties of Jet Fuel Blends with Components Derived from Rape Oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Iakovlieva ◽  
◽  
Oksana Vovk ◽  
Sergii Boichenko ◽  
Kazimierz Lejda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Fractional Composition ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Rape Oil ◽  
Alternative Jet Fuel

The work is devoted to the development of alternative jet fuel blended with rapeseed oil-derived biocomponents and study of their physical-chemical properties. The modification of conventional jet fuel by rapeseed oil esters was chosen for this work among the variety of technologies for alternative jet fuels development. The main characteristics of conventional jet fuel and three kinds of biocomponents were determined and compared to the standards requirements to jet fuel of Jet A-1 grade. The most important or identifying physical-chemical properties of jet fuels were determined for the scope of this study. Among them are: density, viscosity, fractional composition, freezing point and net heat of combustion. The influence of rapeseed oil-derived biocomponents on the mentioned above characteristics of blended jet fuels was studied and explained.

scholarly journals Bio-aviation fuel via catalytic hydrocracking of waste cooking oils

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. El-Araby ◽  
E. Abdelkader ◽  
G. El Diwani ◽  
S. I. Hawash
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Cooking Oil

Abstract Background Biomass fuels (bio-jet fuel) have recently attracted considerable attention as alternatives to conventional jet fuel. They have become the focus of aircraft manufacturers, engines, oil companies, governments and researchers alike. This study is concerned with the production of biojet fuel using waste cooking oil (WCO). Batch reactor is used for running the experimental study. The catalytic cracking products are investigated by GC mass spectra. Final products from different reaction conditions are subjected to fractional distillation. The (Bio kerosene) fraction was compared with the conventional jet A-1 and showed that it met the basic jet fuel specifications. Optimum reaction conditions are obtained at (450 °C), pressure of (120 bars), catalyst dose (2.5% w/v), reaction time (60 min) and hydrogen pressure 4 atmosphere. The aim of this study is to produce bio aviation fuel according to specifications and with a low freezing point from waste cooking oil in one step using a laboratory prepared catalyst and with a low percentage of hydrogen to complete the process of cracking and deoxygenation in one reactor, which is naturally reflected positively on the price of the final product of bio aviation fuel. Results The results indicated that the product obtained from WCO shows promising potential bio aviation fuels, having a low freezing point (− 55 °C) and that all bio kerosene’s specifications obtained at these conditions follow the international standard specifications of aviation turbine fuel. Conclusion Biojet fuel obtained from WCO has fairly acceptable physico-chemical properties compared to those of petroleum-based fuel. Adjustment of the hydro catalytic cracking reaction conditions was used to control quantities and characteristics of produced bio aviation fuel. Taking into consideration the economic evaluation WCO is preferable as raw material for bio aviation fuel production due to its low cost and its contribution in environmental pollution abatement. Blend of 5% bio aviation with jet A-1 (by volume) can be used in the engine without any modifications and a successful test of blended aviation fuel with 10% bio aviation has been achieved on Jet-Cat 80/120 engine.

scholarly journals Conversion of poplar biomass into high-energy density tricyclic sesquiterpene jet fuel blendstocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina M. Geiselman ◽  
James Kirby ◽  
Alexander Landera ◽  
Peter Otoupal ◽  
Gabriella Papa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels

Abstract Background In an effort to ensure future energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and create domestic jobs, the US has invested in technologies to develop sustainable biofuels and bioproducts from renewable carbon sources such as lignocellulosic biomass. Bio-derived jet fuel is of particular interest as aviation is less amenable to electrification compared to other modes of transportation and synthetic biology provides the ability to tailor fuel properties to enhance performance. Specific energy and energy density are important properties in determining the attractiveness of potential bio-derived jet fuels. For example, increased energy content can give the industry options such as longer range, higher load or reduced takeoff weight. Energy-dense sesquiterpenes have been identified as potential next-generation jet fuels that can be renewably produced from lignocellulosic biomass. Results We developed a biomass deconstruction and conversion process that enabled the production of two tricyclic sesquiterpenes, epi-isozizaene and prespatane, from the woody biomass poplar using the versatile basidiomycete Rhodosporidium toruloides. We demonstrated terpene production at both bench and bioreactor scales, with prespatane titers reaching 1173.6 mg/L when grown in poplar hydrolysate in a 2 L bioreactor. Additionally, we examined the theoretical fuel properties of prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states as blending options for jet fuel, and compared them to aviation fuel, Jet A. Conclusion Our findings indicate that prespatane and epi-isozizaene in their hydrogenated states would be attractive blending options in Jet A or other lower density renewable jet fuels as they would improve viscosity and increase their energy density. Saturated epi-isozizaene and saturated prespatane have energy densities that are 16.6 and 18.8% higher than Jet A, respectively. These results highlight the potential of R. toruloides as a production host for the sustainable and scalable production of bio-derived jet fuel blends, and this is the first report of prespatane as an alternative jet fuel.

Thermal Characteristics of Synthetic Jet Fuels in a Meso-Scale Heat Recirculating Combustor

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Wierzbicki ◽  
Ivan C. Lee ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Lean Combustion ◽  
Meso Scale

A meso-scale heat recirculating combustor was used to examine the combustion characteristics of two specific synthetic fuels. One of the fuels was made via a Fischer-Tropsch (F-T fuel) process, while the other was produced from tallow (bio-jet fuel). The two fuels were burned in the meso-scale combustor using pure oxygen in a non-premixed injection configuration. The extinction behavior at the fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion conditions has been investigated for each fuel. The results showed that although the two fuels showed some similarities, the F-T fuel exhibited stable, non-sooting combustion behavior at higher equivalence ratios than the bio-jet fuel. The lean stability limit for the bio-jet fuel was found to be lower (lower equivalence ratio) than that of the F-T fuel. The results were compared with conventional JP-8 jet fuel to provide a comparative analysis of combustion characteristics using the same combustor. A fuel characterization analysis was performed for each fuel, and their respective thermal efficiencies calculated. The F-T and bio-jet fuels both reached a maximum thermal efficiency of about 95% near their respective rich extinction limits.

A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Rehab M. El-Maghraby
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Point ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Jet Production ◽  
Fuel Blending ◽  
Point Total

Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

scholarly journals A Combined Photobiological-Photochemical Route to C10 Cycloalkane Jet Fuels from Carbon Dioxide via Isoprene

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Rana ◽  
Leandro Cid Gomes ◽  
João Rodrigues ◽  
Hugo Arrou-Vignod ◽  
Johan Sjölander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Direct Light ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Photochemical Route ◽  
Made In

The hemiterpene isoprene is a volatile C<sub>5</sub> hydrocarbon, with industrial applications. It is generated today from fossil resources, but can also be made in biological processes. We have utilized engineered photosynthetic cyanobacteria for direct, light-driven production of bio-isoprene from carbon dioxide, and show that isoprene in a subsequent photochemical step, using simulated or natural solar light, can be dimerized into limonene, paradiprene, and isomeric C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub> hydrocarbons (monoterpenes) in very high yields (above 90% after 44 hours) under sensitized conditions. The optimal sensitizer in our experiments is di(naphth-1-yl)methanone which we can use with a loading of merely 0.1 mol%, and it is easily recycled for subsequent photodimerization cycles. The isoprene dimers generated are a mixture of [2+2], [4+2] and [4+4] cycloadducts, and after hydrogenation this mixture is nearly ideal as a jet fuel drop-in. Importantly, the photodimerization can be carried out at ambient conditions. The high content of hydrogenated [2+2] dimers in our isoprene dimer mix lowers the flash point below the threshold (38 °C), yet, these dimers can be converted thermally into [4+2] and [4+4] dimers. When hydrogenated these monoterpenoids fully satisfy the criteria for drop-in jet fuels with regard to energy density, flashpoint, kinematic viscosity, density, and freezing point.

scholarly journals Introspection of Alternative Aviation Fuel Processing Technology: Benchmarks and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3275-3280
Keyword(s):  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Fuel Processing ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Alternative Aviation Fuels ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Production Technologies

Aviation industry is one of the main contributors and fastest-growing sectors in the world economy. Fuel consumption from this industry is one of the major issues that have drawn the attention of both professionals and researchers in recent years. The high dependency along with the high consumption of aviation fuel on petroleum plays a crucial role in environmental degradation due to increased carbon dioxide and other emissions, as well as in the increasing rate of fossil fuel depletion. Therefore, various potential technologies have been developed and further investigated to produce alternative aviation fuels, especially biofuels. In this article, principles, sustainability, and main concerns of different alternative aviation fuel processing technologies, with some focus on biofuels, are discussed in challenges and possible remedies. The major ecological problems connected with the application of conventional jet fuels in contrast to The advantages of biofuels implementation in the aviation industry are also highlighted. This work is aimed to show the state of the art of current alternative aviation fuels, their production technologies, and the potentiality of replacing the conventional jet fuel.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document