Optimizing the Architecture of Civil Turbofan Engines to Improve Life Cycle Costs/Value Added

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Foerstemann ◽  
Stephan Staudacher
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Turbofan Engines

In this paper, an economic calculation model is described, which evaluates the “life cycle value added” of an aircraft and an aircraft engine from the end customers’ — the airlines’ — perspective. The model uses both revenue as well as total costs over the entire product life cycle. It can be used to assess the economic benefit of a certain product (e.g., aircraft or engine), of a defined improvement measure or of different design options. Based on a complex set of parameters, the model can even be used in early design phases, where the potential impact on life cycle cost is the highest. The model is used to show that existing turbofan engines can be improved to deliver extra value for the end customer and as such for the entire value chain. Specific fuel consumption, manufacturing costs, maintenance costs, weight, drag and development costs are the most significant engine parameters for influencing the life cycle value added. An existing modern two-spool high bypass ratio engine was selected as the baseline configuration for applying the model. An analysis of the engine’s architecture identified the engine’s booster as a potential area of improvement. Upgrading the high-pressure compressor to the latest technology would enable the overall pressure ratio to be maintained while omitting the booster and improving engine performance. The results of the calculation show an improvement of life cycle value added, despite significant one-off development, testing and certification costs. The results support the hypothesis that today’s turbofan engines provide room for life cycle costs/value added improvement.

A Unit Cost Comparison Methodology for Turbofan Engines

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Arago ◽  
Stefan Bretschneider ◽  
Stephan Staudacher
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Turbofan Engine ◽  
Turbofan Engines ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
The Cost

The comparison of possible turbofan engine architectures is a vital task during the preliminary design phase of such new products. Already at this point of the product life cycle the architectural decisions which are based on a minimum of product information define a major part of the product life cycle cost. For turbofan engines unit cost is a major part of the life cycle cost. It is not sensible to thrive for a detailed cost assessment in such an early design phase, since neither the required information nor the required time would be available for such an exercise. Hence a cost comparison method is required which produces results of adequate accuracy and detail based on a less complex estimation methodology. The cost comparison methodology proposed in this paper is based on the requirements and methods of a detailed cost assessment. The required information and a possible method for a detailed assessment have been analyzed. In a second step a simplification of the detailed assessment has been derived. This simplified approach uses a minimized set of product data and relies on the similarity of product parts and sub-structures. It turns out that intense thoughts regarding the suitable structuring of the end product turbofan engine have been necessary to derive the method. The uncertainties of such an assessment and its limitations have been verified against a subset of parts of a modern aero engine. It is of importance to notice that the method is also based on the assumption that key parameters of the supply chain and the manufacturing and assembly of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) are constant. On one hand this restricts the method to a cost comparison method between architectures. The cost comparison methodology not only applies to engines which are manufactured using existing materials and manufacturing methods, but the estimation of the required data for the use of new materials and manufacturing methods still requires detailed analysis since the product structure and the detailed design may change significantly.

scholarly journals Expandable Houses: An Explorative Life Cycle Cost Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6974
Author(s):  
Charlotte Cambier ◽  
Waldo Galle ◽  
Niels De De Temmerman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Life Cycle Cost Analysis ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Housing Needs

In addition to the environmental burden of its construction and demolition activities, the Flemish housing market faces a structural affordability challenge. As one possible answer, this research explores the potential of so-called expandable houses, being built increasingly often. Through specific design choices that enable the disassembly and future reuse of individual components and so align with the idea of a circular economy, expandable houses promise to provide ever-changing homes with a smaller impact on the environment and at a lower cost for clients. In this paper, an expandable house suitable for various housing needs is conceived through a scenario-based research-by-design approach and compared to a reference house for Flanders. Subsequently, for both houses the life cycle costs are calculated and compared. The results of this exploration support the proposition that designing expandable houses can be a catalyst for sustainable, circular housing development and that households could benefit from its social, economic and ecological qualities. It requires, however, a dynamic perspective on evaluating their life-cycle impact.

scholarly journals Least Cost Analysis of Energy Efficiency Upgrades for Ontario Using Trnsys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Fereidouni Kondri
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Domestic Hot Water

This report presents the methodology for determining least cost energy efficient upgrade solutions in new residential housing using brute force sequential search (BFSS) method for integration into the reference house to reduce energy consumption while minimizing the net present value (NPV) of life cycle costs. The results showed that, based on the life cycle cost analysis of 30 years, the optimal upgrades resulted in the average of 19.25% (case 1), 31% (case 2a), and 21% (case 2b) reduction in annual energy consumption. Economic conditions affect the sequencing of the upgrades. In this respect the preferred upgrades to be performed in order are; domestic hot water heating, above grade wall insulation, cooling systems, ceiling insulation, floor insulation, heat recovery ventilator, basement slab insulation and below grade wall insulation. When the gas commodity pricing becomes high, the more energy efficient upgrades for domestic hot water (DHW) get selected at a cost premium.

Performance Evaluation of Seismic Force–Resisting Systems for Low-Rise Steel Buildings in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1969-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Y. Yang ◽  
M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Steel Buildings ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Seismic Force ◽  
Seismic System

Steel is one of the most popular seismic force–resisting systems (SFRS) in use worldwide. In Canada, several SFRS have been prequalified for use in the national and provincial building codes. The design of each SFRS has been covered comprehensively in literature. However, no guidance has been provided in selecting the optimum system for a project. In this paper, a prototype building located in Vancouver, Canada, was designed nine times to utilize each of the prequalified SFRS. Detailed seismic hazard and finite element models were developed for each system. The performance in terms of initial construction and life-cycle cost was used to rank each SFRS. The result of this analysis shows that the eccentrically braced configuration has the lowest material usage and life cycle maintenance cost; it is therefore the most economic system in this study. The presented methodology is transparent and can be easily adopted by engineers to select the most economic seismic system for projects with different configurations and geometries than those given in this research. Furthermore, this system introduces a metric with which to estimate the life-cycle costs of a structure taking into account seismic damage over the service life.

Applying Life Cycle Six Sigma in Tolerance Design Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 881-887
Author(s):  
Jian Jun Wu ◽  
Yi Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Tolerance Design ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Sigma Level

Setting of tolerances to meet a required specification of quality characteristic and keep low manufacturing cost is one of common problems in the process quality control. But generally traditional tolerance design only focus on cost of manufacturing, few consider product Life Cycle Cost. In these situations, to obtain a satisfactory six sigma quality level as well as keep lower life cycle total cost should be considered. This paper expands tolerance optimization based on the manufacturing cost to the product life cycle cost, which can improve product quality to the six sigma level and keep lower LCC simultaneously.

GEN-PRODIS Approach for Determining Total Cost in Disassembly Sequencing Problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 1165-1169
Author(s):  
B. Josephin Sajo ◽  
J. Jayaprakash
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Product Usage ◽  
Disassembly Sequence Planning ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Sequencing Problem ◽  
Disassembly Sequence ◽  
Disassembly Sequencing ◽  
Product Disassembly

Disassembly sequence planning not only reduces product life cycle cost, but also greatly influences environmental impact. Industrial recycling and remanufacturing involves product disassembly to retrieve the desired parts and/or subassemblies by separating a product into its constituents. Disassembly has recently gained a great deal of attention in the literature due to its role in product recovery. Disassembly sequencing and planning is more challenging than assembly because its terminal goal is not necessarily fixed, but may depend on product usage and market demands for used parts and recycled materials. Moreover, disassembly is accompanied by more uncertainty in system structures and component conditions than is assembly. This paper presents recent methods for sequencing and process planning in disassembly and the applications to industrial products. This research is aimed at determining the optimal disassembly sequence as well as the helps to find the sequence dependent cost.

The Influence of Engine Characteristics on Patrol Aircraft Life Cycle Cost Optimization

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Schuetz
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Design Constraints ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Aircraft Performance ◽  
Antisubmarine Warfare ◽  
Flight Profile

A conceptual design study has been conducted for an all-new, land-based patrol aircraft for the U.S. Navy. The selected propulsion system was a conceptual high-speed turboprop. An antisubmarine warfare mission was chosen for the design flight profile. Probable peacetime utilization was postulated so that the engine duty cycle could be estimated. Aircraft designs were optimized for minimum takeoff gross weight (TOGW) and for minimum life cycle cost (LCC). It was shown that the aircraft performance requirements and design constraints bound the optimization process so tightly that the same point design is obtained for both TOGW and LCC criteria. The contribution of the engine costs to the overall life cycle costs was examined. The sensitivity of the aircraft optimization to the engine characteristics — specific fuel consumption (SFC), length, diameter, and cost — was analyzed. It was determined that SFC is the most significant engine characteristic.

Life Cycle Cost Modeling of Pumps Using an Activity Based Costing Methodology

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxman Yadu Waghmode ◽  
Anil Dattatraya Sahasrabudhe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Life Cycle Costing ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Traditional Costing ◽  
The Cost

In order to survive in today’s competitive global business environment, implementation of life cycle costing methodology with a greater emphasis on cost control could be one of the convincing approaches for the manufacturing firms. The product life cycle costing approach can help track and analyse the cost implications associated with each phase of product life cycle. Life cycle costing (LCC) practices with traditional costing methods may provide results that have a severe deviation from the real product LCC as it focuses on the cost of materials, labor and a low portion of overheads apportioned by the absorption rate to the product. Activity based costing (ABC) has emerged as one of the several innovative and more accurate costing methods in recent years. It is based on the principle that products or services consume activities and activities consume resources that generate costs. Thus, the ABC system focuses on calculating the costs incurred on performing the activities to manufacture a product. This paper presents a LCC modeling approach for estimating life cycle cost of pumps using activity based costing method. The study was conducted in a large pump manufacturing company from India that has significant global standing within its industry. Firstly, all the activities and cost drivers associated with the life cycle of a pump have been identified. A methodology for LCC analysis using ABC is then developed and it is applied to two different pumps manufactured by the same industry and the results obtained are presented.

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