Chemical Forms of Ash-Forming Matter in Woody Fuels for FBC

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Werkelin ◽  
Maria Zevenhoven ◽  
Bengt-Johan Skrifvars ◽  
Mikko Hupa
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Soluble Calcium ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Low Solubility ◽  
Leaching Procedure

The prediction of the ash behavior in combustion processes is enhanced by the determination of the ash-forming matter in the fuel. The scope of this work was to characterize Scandinavian wood fuels by studying the wood, bark and leaves from a spruce and an aspen. Chemical Fractionation, a step-wise leaching procedure that treat the fuel in water, ammonium acetate and hydrochloric acid, was used to determine the solubility of the ash elements. The resulting solutions were further analyzed on ionic species, which was coupled to the presence of salt compounds in the original biomass tissues. The leaching procedure dissolved nearly 100% of the ash-forming matter. The phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl) and some of the sulfur (S) were readily leached with water and found present as HPO42−, SO42− and Cl− in the solutions. The simultaneous dissolving of potassium (K) in this step proved the presence of water soluble potassium salts in the biomasses. The remaining K after the water treatment and all magnesium (Mg) dissolved completely in the ammonium acetate step together with a large part of the tissues’ calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn). The remaining Ca after the second step was leached in hydrochloric acid together with equivalent amounts of oxalate ions, C2O42−. This proved the presence of acid soluble calcium oxalate in the tissues, a salt with low solubility in neutral pH.

The A˚bo Akademi Database: Fuel Characterization

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Zevenhoven ◽  
Patrik Yrjas ◽  
Rainer Backman ◽  
Bengt-Johan Skrifvars ◽  
Mikko Hupa
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Insufficient Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fuel Characterization ◽  
Leaching Procedure

Standard fuel analyses have shown to provide insufficient information for proper prediction of ash deposition. Therefore, chemical fractionation, i.e. a stepwise leaching procedure, has been developed in the past. It has been used extensively for determination of the distribution of ash forming matter both in coal, peat, waste and biomass fuels. With this method fuels are leached in three steps, i.e. leached with water, ammonium acetate and hydro chloric acid respectively. This paper presents the fuel database developed at A˚bo Akademi University. The database contains over 100 fuels, i.e. coal, peat, bark, wood derived fuels, agricultural crops and waste fuels. Standard fuel analyses, stepwise leaching results, thermodynamic melting calculations and SEM pictures are available for the majority of these fuels. For 11 fuels also trace metals were analyzed.

Appearance of Trace Elements in Co-Firing Fuels

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Zevenhoven ◽  
Rainer Backman ◽  
Bengt-Johan Skrifvars ◽  
Mikko Hupa
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Chloric Acid ◽  
Thermodynamic Calculations ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Forest Residue ◽  
Impregnated Wood ◽  
Leaching Procedure

With the implementation of new EU guidelines the levels of maximum allowable emission levels of Cd, Tl, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V will be further restricted. This may have implications for co-combustion of coal with waste derived fuels. In this study chemical fractionation, i.e. a stepwise leaching procedure has been applied on coal, peat, sewage sludge, bark, impregnated wood and forest residue. With this method fuels are leached in three steps, i.e. leached with water, ammonium acetate and hydro chloric acid, respectively. Both solubility in different leaching agents of main ash forming matter and the trace elements Cd, Tl, Hg, Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V and Zn were studied. In this way more information became available about the characteristics of co-firing fuels. Thermodynamic calculations were used to show the consequences of the interaction with main ash forming elements on the partition of Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in the gas/ash phase.

Spectrophotometric Determination of p-aminobenzoic acid via Diazotization and Coupling reaction

2021 ◽  
pp. 5313-5318
Author(s):  
Rana S. Al-Saffar ◽  
Safaa A. Zakaria ◽  
Nabeel S. Othman
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Good Sensitivity ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid

A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method to assay p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) has been suggested. The method based on the diazotization of PABA via reaction with nitrite ions which liberated in the medium through the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid, then coupling the dizotised-PABA(D-PABA)with 1-naphthylamine -7-sulphonic acid (1-NASA) to form an intense colored pink azo dye ,it is water-soluble , very stable and has a maximum absorbance at 525 nm. The absorbance was increase with the increasing of PABA amounts in the solution, and the linearity from 2.5 to70 µg in 10 ml (0.25to7 µg.ml-1).The molar absorptivity and Sandell ҆s sensitivity values have been calculated they equal to 3.6057x104 L.mol-1 cm -1 and 0.0037993 µg. cm-2 respectively. The two values above demonstrated a good sensitivity of the suggested method. The method has been used in estimated PABA resulted from analysis of folic acid in tablet.

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Oxalic Acid in Foods

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Ohkawa
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Dimethyl Oxalate ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Limit Of Determination

Abstract A new quantitative gas chromatographic (GC) method has been developed for the determination of oxalic acid in foods. Solid sample is extracted with water (soluble oxalic acid) or 2N hydrochloric acid (total oxalic acid) at room temperature. An aliquot of sample extract is evaporated to dryness, and the oxalic acid in the residue is methylated with 7% hydrochloric acid-methanol. The reaction mixture is extracted with chloroform, and dimethyl oxalate is quantitated by GC. Recovery of oxalic acid added to liquid samples averaged 100.6%; recoveries from extracts of solid samples were 96.2-99.5 and 97.2-100.1% for water and hydrochloric acid extractions, respectively. Results are shown for determination of oxalic acid in spinach and beverages. The technique is simple, rapid, and accurate, and small samples may be used. The limit of determination is 20 μg.

scholarly journals Sequential Extraction of Potentially Toxic Metals: Alteration of Method for Cu-Ni Polluted Peat Soil of Industrial Barren

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Marina V. Slukovskaya ◽  
Irina P. Kremenetskaya ◽  
Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya ◽  
Andrey I. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Fraction Composition ◽  
Metal Fraction

An evaluation of fraction composition and transformation of metal compounds emitted by metal ore processing enterprises and accumulated in soils is crucial for assessing the environmental risks of pollution and ecosystem benefit of remediation. The aim of this study was to develop a suitable sequential fractional procedure for metal pollutants for the peat soils matrix in the impact zone of a Cu-Ni smelter. Three experiment series were performed: (a) the study of the effect of ammonium acetate buffer pH in the range of 3.7–7.8 on the soil metal extraction; (b) the study of the effect of additional volume and frequency of soil treatment with solutions on the content of water-soluble, ammonium acetate extractable, and 0.1 N HNO3 extractable fractions; and, (c) the determination of the metal fraction composition in the modified technique. Soil treatment with ammonium acetate buffer with a pH range of 4.5–5.5 was the most appropriate for the determination of mobile compounds of Cu and other metals in highly polluted peat soil. Triple soil treatment with water and ammonium acetate is necessary for the complete extraction of the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions, respectively. Additionally, we propose a procedure of full extraction of the exchangeable metal fraction from peat soils while using single treatment with 0.1 N HNO3. This scheme allows evaluating geochemical mobility of metals and current environmental harm of polluted soils with a high content of organic matter.

Quantitative Determination of Colorants in Dried Shrimp and Shrimp Paste Using Ion-Exchange Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography1

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 592-595
Author(s):  
YASUHIDE TONOGAI ◽  
AMARA KINGKATE ◽  
CHAWEEWON HALILAMIAN
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Anion Exchange Resin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Phase Partition ◽  
Exchange Extraction

A method is proposed for extraction of colorants from proteinous foods (dried shrimp and shrimp paste) and for their determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Water-soluble colors were extracted by liquid-liquid partition with the aid of a liquid anion exchange resin (Amberlite LA-2) after elution with an ethanol-ammonia mixture from the sample, where colors were released from protein. Colors were then re-extracted from the resin layer into an aqueous solution, followed by HPLC determination. The HPLC conditions using a reverse-phase partition type column (Zorbax C8) and ammonium acetate as eluant, were acceptable for various kinds of colorants. The proposed method gave recovery values of more than 62.0% for color at 100 ppm and of more than 76.0% for color at 1,000 ppm; an actual survey of colorants was carried out for 44 samples.

The determination of exchangeable aluminium in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Little
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Aluminium Compound ◽  
Leaching Procedure

A leaching procedure employing 1N potassium chloride was found to yield satisfactory estimates of exchangeable aluminium in subsoil samples. The use of 1N ammonium acetate solutions as extractants was not recommended. When buffered at pH 4.8 these solutions gave low results, whereas at pH 4.0 there was some attack on hydroxy-aluminium polymers, which led to erroneous results, particularly in sesquioxidic soils. Satisfactory estimates of exchangeable aluminium in subsoils were obtained by potentiometric titration of soil suspensions in 1N potassium chloride with 0.1N sodium hydroxide, provided allowance was made for the contribution of pH-dependent charge between pH 4.0 and 5.5. This procedure gave values consistently lower than those obtained by leaching with 1N potassium chloride, and of the order of 81 % of these. This was consistent with the formation of an aluminium compound with the formula Ak6(OH)153+ whose existence has been postulated by other workers.

COMPARISON OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING EXCHANGE PROPERTIES AND AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN SOME EASTERN CANADIAN ORGANIC SOILS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MacLean ◽  
R. L. Halstead ◽  
A. R. Mack ◽  
J. J. Jasmin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Exchange Properties

Determination of the cation-exchange capacity of 17 organic soils by the ammonium acetate method or by measurement of H replaced from HCl-treated samples by neutral 1 N NH4OAc, 1 N and 0.5 N Ba(OAc)2, and 0.5 N KOAc gave results which were closely related. The magnitude of the values varied with procedure, however, and 1 N Ba(OAc)2 gave the highest results.In a greenhouse experiment, the average uptake of potassium and of phosphorus by plants was higher at a soil temperature of 75° F than at 57° F. Percentage uptake of potassium by the plants was significantly correlated with the following criteria of potassium supply in the soils: exchangeable K, water-soluble K, [Formula: see text] and per cent K saturation. The corresponding percentage uptake of phosphorus was significantly correlated with the amounts of phosphorus extracted from the soils with 0.03 N NH4F + 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HOAc, water, and 0.5 M NaHCO3. The results indicated that water might serve as a suitable extractant of both potassium and phosphorus.

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