Experimental Investigation of Biomass Pellets and Pelletizing Process Using Hardwood and Switchgrass

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Eggerstedt ◽  
Xia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biomass Materials

Biomass fuel has been utilized as a renewable energy resource to replace or supplement fossil fuels. Combustion characteristics of biomass affect the utilization of biomass pellets. Activation energy, ash content, energy content, moisture content, density, and durability are a few parameters that are analyzed for ideal combustion. An ideal fuel can be created through analyzing multiple biomass materials and pelletizing procedures. The objective of this research is to improve biomass performance by investigating its pelleting parameters and the related combustion characteristics. A lab scale pelletizing process was developed with the pelletizing conditions being 150°C for 150 seconds under a pressure of 4500 psi. A total of 45 different types of pellets with a diameter of 2.5cm and a thickness of 5mm were created using the new pelletizing process. They had five different material mixtures (100% hardwood (HW), 75/25hardwood/switchgrass (HS), 50/50HS, 25/75HS, and 100% switchgrass (S)), three different original moisture contents (15%, 20%, and 25%), and 3 different amounts of binder (1/6, 1/12, and 0). Trends of the combustion characteristics to pelletizing process parameters were found. When the material mixture changes from pure hardwood to pure switchgrass, both activation energy decreases while ash content increases. When the binder decreases, activation energy increases as well as ash content while both energy content and durability decrease.

scholarly journals The exploitation of western and southern deserts in Iraq for the production of solar energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 4617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zkear Abass ◽  
D. A. Pavlyuchenko
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Solar Intensity ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
Basic Features

<span>We have, an overview is presented of the potential future demands and possible supply of solar energy to Iraq. Solar energy, which is clean, unlimited, and environmentally friendly, is presented as a renewable energy resource. Many problems such as CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, industry, human activities, and electricity distribution grids have attracted much attention because of the current state of crude oil production and its prices. Moreover, estimations of solar radiation levels and of the efficiencies of photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), and solar chimney towers, have all been investigated. Those systems that combine various sources of energy are called hybrids and they have received much attention in recent decades. The basic features of solar radiation in Iraq are outlined, and the selection of those sites with potential for development of solar plants is based on the local largest solar radiation. Moreover, longitudinal and latitudinal orientation, wind, solar intensity, dust, temperature, rain, humidity, and pollution factors are all considered in the calculation of PV/CSP efficiencies. We know there is an abundance of fossil fuels in Iraq, energy shortages began in 1991 because of the perturbation caused by the full ruin of the country. The obvious renewable energy resource available in Iraq is the solar energy, and its exploitation would provide a means to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and to achieve self-sufficiency of electric energy and export the rest to neighboring countries. Solar energy is becoming increasingly important because of the climatic change in the form of global warming.</span>

Initial Development of Optimum Biomass Pellets

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Eggerstedt ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
James Leidel ◽  
Krzytoff Kobus
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Multiple Materials ◽  
Biomass Particles

Renewable energy has become a major focus in today’s world of depleting energy resources. Biomass is starting to be utilized because it can be continually created within a reasonable period of time. Biomass particles are pressurized together in a pellet shape. The pellets are fed into a combustion chamber (stove) and burnt to create energy. The objective of this research is to test a range of pellet compositions and investigate their corresponding characteristics in the combustion process in order to maximize their energy output. The pellets investigated include single materials such as wood or various mixtures such as wood and grass. The pellets were tested to check the various criteria including the moisture content, density and energy content. Moisture content was found using a scale and desiccators. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to determine the burning temperature of biomass, its weight composition and ash content. A calorimeter was used to find energy content. The Coats-Redfern Method along with a TGA was chosen for the analysis of the activation energy of biomass pellets. Among four types of pellets tested, the hardwood premium pellets has the lowest ash content of .66%. Premium Pellets also had the best energy content of 19.16 MJ/kg. Beet Pulp Pellets had the lowest activation energy of all the materials with 99.92 kJ/mol activation energy. Overall the hardwood pellets performed the best but could be improved with the addition of other biomasses. An optimum pellet may be created with a mixture of multiple materials.

Design of a Gorlov Turbine for Marine Current Energy Extraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjwan Chettiar ◽  
Sumesh Narayan ◽  
Jai Nendran Goundar ◽  
Ashneel Deo
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Energy Extraction ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Marine Current ◽  
Current Energy

As fossil fuels near depletion and their detrimental side effects become prominent on ecosystems, the world searches renewable sources of energy. Marine current energy is an emerging and promising renewable energy resource. Marine current energy can be alternative energy source for electricity production. Many marine current converters are designed to tap marine current energy; however, Gorlov turbine proves to have minimum manufacturing and maintenance cost, hence giving desired power output. A 0.3m diameter and 0.6m long 3 bladed Gorlov turbine was designed, fabricated and test to analyse its performance. The turbine produces average power 15 W and proves to be quite efficient for marine current energy extraction.

Analysis of Wood Combustion Based on the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dadkhah-Nikoo ◽  
D. J. Bushnell
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Wood Fuels

Wood is a highly flexible fuel which can be used in a variety of ways for energy generation. Direct combustion of wood is the oldest method of utilization of this renewable energy source. This paper presents an analysis of wood combustion based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, using a computer program developed for this study. Since the moisture content of the available wood fuels vary over a wide range, special attention is given to the effects of moisture content on the exergy and energy content of the wood. Because of the wide variation in particle size and moisture content of the wood fuels, different types of combustion systems have been designed and are utilized in industry. Each combustion system uses a certain amount of combustion air and is designed for a certain range of combustion air temperatures and wood fuel moisture contents. The effects of these variables on wood combustion and the efficiencies of the process have been studied and are presented in this paper. To point out the importance and differences between efficiencies that are commonly used, several efficiencies based on the first and the second laws of the thermodynamics are calculated and compared. Based on the results presented in this report, it is concluded that, over the range of variables studied, the most efficient conditions for wood combustion can be achieved by using the minimum amount of excess air at highest permissible temperature. It is also concluded that the lower moisture contents result in higher combustion efficiencies.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on Biofuels from Oil Palm Empty Bunch (EFB): Current Status, Potential, Barriers and Way Forward

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10210
Author(s):  
Rozzeta Dolah ◽  
Rohit Karnik ◽  
Halimaton Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Biomass Resource

Biomass is an important renewable energy resource which primarily contributes to heating and cooling end use sectors. It is also a promising alternative source of biofuels to replace the depleting supply of fossil fuels. Surprisingly, few writers have been able to draw on the feedstock significance for oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) as the biomass resource for biofuels compared to the other types of biomass waste. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of EFB as a biomass resource presented in four major parts. First, the introduction covers the demand for bio-oil and describes the different kinds of feedstock, the relevance and potential of EFB biomass. Second, the characteristics of biomass are explained before it is upgraded as biofuel, drawing similarities and contrasts between EFB and other sources of biomass. Pyrolysis processes and reactors used for EFB conversion are described, and the factors affecting the bio-oil yield and quality are discussed. Major reactor parameters are summarized and reactor optimization is discussed. Third, comparison on the properties of the bio-oil vs. petroleum in transportation, power generation, and heating are compared followed by prioritizing the bio-oil properties from the most to least critical, revealing the most promising methods for upgrading. Fourth, the environmental impact, including CO2 emission, of the use of EFB as a promising renewable energy resource and a cleaner alternative fuel is recommended. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the conversion of oil palm empty fruit bunches into biofuels, including the similarities and differences between biomasses, the best reactors, its comparison with fossil fuels, and bio-oil upgrading methods. The upgrading mapping matrix is created to present the best upgrading strategies for the optimum quality of biofuels. This paper serves as a one-stop center for EFB conversion into biofuels.

scholarly journals Fault Simulations in a Multiterminal High Voltage DC Network with Modular Multilevel Converters Using Full-Bridge Submodules

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Ioan-Cătălin Damian ◽  
Mircea Eremia ◽  
Lucian Toma
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Fault Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Multilevel Converters ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Modular Multilevel Converters ◽  
Overhead Power Lines ◽  
And Control

The concept of high-voltage DC transmission using a multiterminal configuration is presently a central topic of research and investment due to rekindled interest in renewable energy resource integration. Moreover, great attention is given to fault analysis, which leads to the necessity of developing proper tools that enable proficient dynamic simulations. This paper leverages models and control system design techniques and demonstrates their appropriateness for scenarios in which faults are applied. Furthermore, this paper relies on full-bridge submodule topologies in order to underline the increase in resilience that such a configuration brings to the multiterminal DC network, after an unexpected disturbance. Therefore, strong focus is given to fault response, considering that converters use a full-bridge topology and that overhead power lines connect the terminals.

scholarly journals Predictive Modelling and Surface Analysis for Optimization of Production of Biofuel as A Renewable Energy Resource: Proposition of Artificial Neural Network Search

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sri Krishna Murthy ◽  
Ankit Goyal ◽  
N. Rajasekar ◽  
Kapil Pareek ◽  
Thoi Trung Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Global Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Predictive Modelling ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Network Search ◽  
Ester Yield ◽  
Time Of Reaction

The present study undertakes the research problem on the optimization of production of biodiesel as a renewable energy resource from the transesterification of soybean oil and ethanol. Predictive modelling and surface analysis techniques were applied based on the artificial neural network search algorithm to correlate the yield of ethyl ester and glycerol and the input parameters. The formulated models accurately predicted the yield of the products with a high coefficient of determination. When the reaction time is low, the ester yield decreases with an increase in temperature and the maximum yield of obtained biodiesel at a very low value of time of reaction and temperature. Plots based on parametric and sensitivity analysis reveals that the yield of ethyl ester can be maximized and that of glycerol minimized at an integrated condition with lower ethanol/oil molar ratio, higher temperature value, higher catalyst concentration value, and longer time of reaction. The global sensitivity analysis reveals that the catalyst concentration and temperature of the reaction influence the yield of ethyl ester the most. In addition, an optimal ethyl ester yield of 95% can be achieved at specific input conditions. Moreover, according to the results of global sensitivity analysis, the catalyst concentration is found to be most significant for both the glycerol and ethyl ester yield.

Potensi Nilai Kalor Biomassa Dari Ampas Tebu (Bagasse) Yang Bersumber Dari Penjual Minuman Sari Tebu Di Kota Pontianak

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Wahyudi ◽  
Muhammad Ivanto ◽  
Murti Juliandari
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Sugarcane Juice ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Direct Data

Dependence on the provision of electricity using fossil fuels is a major energy supply problem in Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to provide new and renewable alternative fuels that are effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly. One of the alternative fuels is bagasse biomass. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of bagasse produced by sellers of sugarcane juice drink in Pontianak City, in order to determine the estimated value of bagasse. The research method used was direct data collection and laboratory testing . Based on the results of the study, the number of vendors of sugarcane juice beverages producing bagasse was 169. Of this amount, produce bagasse that can reach 1,030.9 kg/day. Based on the test results, the estimated moisture content of bagasse was 3.28%, ash content was 0.77%, and carbon remained at 7.65%. So, if converted with the test results of the calorific value of bagasse and made into briquettes bagasse (bio briquettes), which is 19,648 kJ/kg with a density of 0.416 kg/m3, then converted into a potential calorific value of 242,849,280 J/year.

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