Initial Development of Optimum Biomass Pellets

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Eggerstedt ◽  
Xia Wang ◽  
James Leidel ◽  
Krzytoff Kobus
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Multiple Materials ◽  
Biomass Particles

Renewable energy has become a major focus in today’s world of depleting energy resources. Biomass is starting to be utilized because it can be continually created within a reasonable period of time. Biomass particles are pressurized together in a pellet shape. The pellets are fed into a combustion chamber (stove) and burnt to create energy. The objective of this research is to test a range of pellet compositions and investigate their corresponding characteristics in the combustion process in order to maximize their energy output. The pellets investigated include single materials such as wood or various mixtures such as wood and grass. The pellets were tested to check the various criteria including the moisture content, density and energy content. Moisture content was found using a scale and desiccators. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to determine the burning temperature of biomass, its weight composition and ash content. A calorimeter was used to find energy content. The Coats-Redfern Method along with a TGA was chosen for the analysis of the activation energy of biomass pellets. Among four types of pellets tested, the hardwood premium pellets has the lowest ash content of .66%. Premium Pellets also had the best energy content of 19.16 MJ/kg. Beet Pulp Pellets had the lowest activation energy of all the materials with 99.92 kJ/mol activation energy. Overall the hardwood pellets performed the best but could be improved with the addition of other biomasses. An optimum pellet may be created with a mixture of multiple materials.

scholarly journals Economic implications of moisture content and logging system in forest harvest residue delivery for energy production: a case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca Belart ◽  
John Sessions ◽  
Ben Leshchinsky ◽  
Glen Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Forest Harvest ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Cable Logging ◽  
Harvest Residue

The need for improving the cost effectiveness of forest harvest residue utilization for bioenergy production has been widely recognized. A number of studies show that reducing residue moisture content presents advantages for transportation and energy content. However, previous research has not focused on the relative advantages of in-forest drying depending on the residue characteristics from different logging systems, comminution, and equipment mobilization. Residue drying curves were developed using finite element analysis for two primary Pacific Northwest logging systems. These curves were applied to a case study in Oregon in which mixed integer mathematical programming was used to optimize residue delivery to a hypothetical co-generation plant with a generating capacity of 6 megawatt-hours (MWh). Assuming that rear-steered trailers can access cable logging units, approximately 98% of the harvest residue generated by cable logging was delivered to the plant, compared with only 56% of residue generated with a ground-based system, mainly because collection costs incurred with ground-based system residues exceed cost benefits of drier material. By considering the energy content of drier residues, the amount of oven-dried metric tonnes (ODMT) needed to supply the plant can be reduced by 16% without affecting the energy output over a 24-month planning horizon. Lower ODMT demand and shifting to drier material decreases the overall production cost by 20.4%.

scholarly journals Thermolysis and Kinetics of Scrap Tyre and Bagasse for Energy Utilization

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Petro Ndalila ◽  
Cuthbet F. Mhilu ◽  
Geoffrey R. John
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Kinetics Of

The increase of energy demand has brought concern to find alternative fuel that will at least sustain the requirement. Bagasse and scrap tyre are waste generated in our industrial activities, which can be used in energy production to subsidize the demand. This paper, aim to study the decomposition behaviour and kinetics of biomass (bagasse) and scrap tyre as preliminary stage of fuel sample analysis to be considered for energy production in gasification/combustion or pyrolysis facilities. The behaviour demonstrated with thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), shows that all samples have high volatile amount release, 84.21% for bagasse and 85.08% for scrap tyre, which means all are suitable for pyrolysis. However, scrap tyre is most suitable for gasification or combustion due to its high energy content, high ash content and low moisture than bagasse. The determined kinetic parameter were activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) for hemicellulose/oil as first release composite and cellulose/elastomer as second composite of the analyzed bagasse/scrap tyre samples. The hemicelluloses of bagasse exhibited highest value of activation energy and pre-exponential factor (E=178.191 kJ/mol, and A=1.74×10 16 ) than oil of scrap tyre (E=41.113 kJ/mol, and A= 495.5), which means bagasse is suitable candidate for gasification process due to high operating temperature. With this respect of the study, all candidates may be suitable for pyrolysis or gasification/combustion process. However, for environmental consideration scrap tyre is not suitable due to high sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) content resulting to high emission ofSOX and NOX .

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOPELET DARI KAYU PUTIH DENGAN PENAMBAHAN GONDORUKEM SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Sofia Mustamu ◽  
Gysberth Pattiruhu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon

Biopelet is one of the renewable energy alternatives that have uniformity of size, shape, density, and energy content. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of biopelet consisting of a mixture of cajeput and gondorukem, and to determine the composition of the raw materials that can produce a biopelet with the best quality. The compositions of a mixture in this research are as follow 95%:5%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%, cajeput 100% and gondorukem 100%. The manufacture of biopelet used a 20 mesh of dust with the pressure of 526.4 kg/cm2  at a temperature of 200 ◦C for 15 minutes. Types of tests performed on biopelet include density, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, carbon bonded, and calorific value. The results of the best quality of biopelet was in the percentage of cajeput and gondorukem was 70%:30%,  tests showed densities of biopelet 0,84 g/cm3, moisture content5,89%, ash content 2,42%, volatile matter 73,99%, fixed carbon 18,96%, and calorific value 5152 kkal/kg.

Experimental Investigation of Biomass Pellets and Pelletizing Process Using Hardwood and Switchgrass

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Eggerstedt ◽  
Xia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Renewable Energy Resource ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biomass Materials

Biomass fuel has been utilized as a renewable energy resource to replace or supplement fossil fuels. Combustion characteristics of biomass affect the utilization of biomass pellets. Activation energy, ash content, energy content, moisture content, density, and durability are a few parameters that are analyzed for ideal combustion. An ideal fuel can be created through analyzing multiple biomass materials and pelletizing procedures. The objective of this research is to improve biomass performance by investigating its pelleting parameters and the related combustion characteristics. A lab scale pelletizing process was developed with the pelletizing conditions being 150°C for 150 seconds under a pressure of 4500 psi. A total of 45 different types of pellets with a diameter of 2.5cm and a thickness of 5mm were created using the new pelletizing process. They had five different material mixtures (100% hardwood (HW), 75/25hardwood/switchgrass (HS), 50/50HS, 25/75HS, and 100% switchgrass (S)), three different original moisture contents (15%, 20%, and 25%), and 3 different amounts of binder (1/6, 1/12, and 0). Trends of the combustion characteristics to pelletizing process parameters were found. When the material mixture changes from pure hardwood to pure switchgrass, both activation energy decreases while ash content increases. When the binder decreases, activation energy increases as well as ash content while both energy content and durability decrease.

PENGARUH VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK DAN UMUR SIMPAN ROTI MANIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Alfi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Life Analysis ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) adalah bahan alami yang memiliki sifat antimikroba (antivirus, antibakteri, dan antijamur). Sehingga VCO dapat memberikan efek pengawet pada bahan makanan, salah satunya adalah roti manis. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh VCO terhadap karakteristik (fisik dan kimia) dan umur simpan roti manis. Roti manis dianalisis secara fisik (tekstur dan porositas) dan kimia (kadar air, kadar abu, kadar lemak, kadar protein, dan kandungan karbohidrat), dan analisis umur simpan dengan FFA, uji organoleptik dan jamur setiap dua hari selama delapan hari penyimpanan di suhu ruang. Variasi perlakuan roti manis adalah dari rasio konsentrasi VCO: margarin: mentega, K (0%: 8%: 8%); A (4%: 6%: 6%); B (8%: 4%: 4%), C (12%: 2%: 2%); D (16%: 0%: 0%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa VCO tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap karakteristik fisik dan karakteristik kimia roti manis. Namun, VCO berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar air roti manis yang dihasilkan, roti manis K memiliki kadar air tertinggi (22,36%) dan berbeda dengan sampel roti manis lainnya. VCO secara efektif menghambat pertumbuhan jamur di roti manis pada konsentrasi 8%, 12%, dan 16%. Roti manis K dan A memiliki masa simpan 4 hari, sedangkan roti manis B, C, dan D memiliki masa simpan 6 hari.Kata kunci: VCO, roti manis, karakteristik, umur simpanABSTRACTVirgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a natural ingredient that has antimicrobial (antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal) properties. So that VCO can provide a preservative effect on food ingredients, one of which is sweet bread. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of VCO on characteristics (physical and chemical) and shelf life of sweet bread. Sweet bread was analyzed physically (texture and porosity) and chemistry (moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein content, and carbohydrate content), and shelf life analysis with FFA, organoleptic and mold tests every two days for eight days of storage at ambient temperature. Treatment variations of sweet breads is from the ratio of the concentration of VCO: margarine: butter, K (0%: 8%: 8%); A (4%: 6%: 6%); B (8%: 4%: 4%), C (12%: 2%: 2%); D (16%: 0%: 0%). The results showed that VCO did not have a significant effect on the physical characteristics and chemical characteristics of sweet bread. However, the VCO has a significant effect on the water content of the sweet bread produced, sweet bread K has the highest moisture content (22,36%) and it is different from other sweet bread samples. VCO effectively inhibits the growth of sweet bread mold at concentrations of 8%, 12%, and 16%. K and A sweet bread has a shelf life of 4 days, while sweet breads B, C, and D have a shelf life of 6 days.Keywords: VCO, sweet bread, characteristics, shelf life

KARAKTERISTIK BROWNIES KUKUS TEPUNG JEWAWUT (Setarica italica) DAN TEPUNG MAIZENA DENGAN PENGARUH LAMA PROSES PENGUKUSAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernaulli Putri Mulyanto ◽  
Yustina Wuri Wulandari ◽  
Akhmad Mustofa
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
Process Duration ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

      Brownies merupakan cake coklat yang terbuat dari tepung terigu, lemak, telur, gula pasir dan coklat. Metode pemasakan brownies ada dua yaitu pemanggangan dan pengukusan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tepung jewawut dan tepung maizena agar dihasilkan brownies kukus bebas gluten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi tepung yang memiliki kadar protein tertinggi pada brownies dan untuk mengetahui lama pengukusan yang optimal sehingga menghasilkan brownies kukus tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung yang paling disukai. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan dua faktorial yaitu faktor pertama ratio tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung (50:50, 40:60 dan 30:70), sedangkan faktor kedua lama pengukusan (30 menit, 40 menit dan 50 menit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Brownies kukus tepung jewawut dan tepung jagung dengan ratio 50:50 dan lama pengukusan 50 menit merupakan ratio yang terbaik karena memiliki kadar protein paling tinggi yaitu 5.828%.  Pada perlakuan ini menghasilkan 19.967% kadar air, 1.585% kadar abu, 1.786% gula total, serta uji organoleptik terhadap warna 3.590 (coklat gelap), tekstur 3.340 (lembut), flavor jewawut 2.855 (sedikit terasa) dan kesukaan keseluruhan 3.285 (disukai). Kata kunci : Brownies, tepung jewawut, tepung jagung, kadar protein.  ABSTRACT      Brownies is chocolate cakes made from flour, fat, eggs, sugar and chocolate. There are two methods of cooking brownies namely roasting and steaming. This study uses millet flour and maizena flour to produced gluten free steamed brownies. This study aims to determine the best of flour formulated which has highest protein content in steamed brownies and to knew the optimal steaming time that produced the most favored  of  steamed brownies millet flour and  corn flour. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factorials, the first factor is ratio of millet flour and corn flour (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70), while the second factor was the duration of steaming process (30, 40 and 50 minutes). The result of the study showed steamed flour of millet flour and corn flour with ratio of 50:50 and with steamed process duration 50 minutes is the best ratio because it had the highest protein content of 5.828%.  In this treatment yielded 19.97% moisture content, 1.585% ash content, 1.786% total sugar and organoleptic test is 3.590 (dark chocolate) colors, 3.340 (soft) texture, 2.855 (slightly felt) millet flavors and 3.285 (preferred) overall preferences. Keywords :  Brownies, millet flour, corn flour, protein content

The Improvement of Food Quality and Safety of Fish Skin Crackers in Serangan Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Ni Made Darmadi ◽  
Dewa Gede Semara Edi ◽  
I Made Kawan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Food Quality And Safety ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Micro Analysis ◽  
Flavor Enhancer

Indonesia’s government is attempting to improve the leading economic sectors such as the fishing industry, together with its processed products that could strengthen the national economy. Therefore, small industries should be able to improve the quality and security of their products for consumers’ assurance. Fish Skin Cracker is one of the products from domestic industry in Serangan, Bali, which made from Tuna and Shark. Those kinds of crackers are processed by adding spices, in which the spices would be different among processors and result in different quality. This research was aimed to investigate the best-quality fish skin cracker among the processors, based on the microbiological, chemical, and organoleptic analyzes. This research used Descriptive Method. Based on the results of analyzes, it was discovered that the best Tuna Skin Crackers were those from processor number 2 with values of quality analyzes; Moisture Content 6.1%, Ash Content 0.04%, Protein Content 59.33%, Fat Content 25.98%, TVB 14.21mg N %, TMA 7.45mg N%, Micro Analysis 4.9 x 104 Colony/gr, Organoleptic rates: texture 6, taste 7, aroma 6, and color 6. Processor number 2 used garlic, salt, and flavor enhancer as the seasoning. Meanwhile, the best Shark Skin Crackers were those from Processor number 5 with values of quality analyzes; Moisture Content 9.3%, Ash Content 0.04%, Protein Content 86.94%, Fat Content 3.7%, TVB 20.08mg N%, TMA 10.64mg N%, Micro Analysis 2.1 x 104 colony/gr, Organoleptic rates: texture 6, taste 6, smell 6, and color 6. Processor number 5 used garlic, coriander, turmeric, flavor enhancer, and lime juice as the seasoning.

scholarly journals Tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia: three industrial crops for energy and hemicelluloses production

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palma ◽  
Javier Mauricio Loaiza ◽  
Manuel J. Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos García ◽  
Inmaculada Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Of Combustion ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Chamaecytisus Proliferus

Abstract Background Burning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production. Results The influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined. The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage. The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the acid hydrolysis treatment, which increased the gross calorific value (GCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. In addition, the activation energy of combustion of the acid hydrolysis residues from Chamaecytisus proliferus (Tagasaste) and Paulownia trihybrid (Paulownia) was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis. The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in Leucaena diversifolia (Leucaena) owing to its low content in hemicelluloses. Conclusions Acid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

scholarly journals Co-Combustion Studies of Low-Rank Coal and Refuse-Derived Fuel: Performance and Reaction Kinetics

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3796
Author(s):  
Mudassar Azam ◽  
Asma Ashraf ◽  
Saman Setoodeh Setoodeh Jahromy ◽  
Sajjad Miran ◽  
Nadeem Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Isoconversional Methods ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Average Activation Energy ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

In connection to present energy demand and waste management crisis in Pakistan, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is gaining importance as a potential co-fuel for existing coal fired power plants. This research focuses on the co-combustion of low-quality local coal with RDF as a mean to reduce environmental issues in terms of waste management strategy. The combustion characteristics and kinetics of coal, RDF, and their blends were experimentally investigated in a micro-thermal gravimetric analyzer at four heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C/min to ramp the temperature from 25 to 1000 °C. The mass percentages of RDF in the coal blends were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, respectively. The results show that as the RDF in blends increases, the reactivity of the blends increases, resulting in lower ignition temperatures and a shift in peak and burnout temperatures to a lower temperature zone. This indicates that there was certain interaction during the combustion process of coal and RDF. The activation energies of the samples were calculated using kinetic analysis based on Kissinger–Akahira–Sunnose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), isoconversional methods. Both of the methods have produced closer results with average activation energy between 95–121 kJ/mol. With a 30% refuse-derived fuel proportion, the average activation energy of blends hit a minimum value of 95 kJ/mol by KAS method and 103 kJ/mol by FWO method.

Autothermal biodrying of municipal solid waste with high moisture content

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Zawadzka ◽  
Liliana Krzystek ◽  
Stanisław Ledakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Tubular Reactor ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Capacity

AbstractTo carry out autothermal drying processes during the composting of biomass, a horizontal tubular reactor was designed and tested. A biodrying tunnel of the total capacity of 240 dm3 was made of plastic material and insulated with polyurethane foam to prevent heat losses. Municipal solid waste and structural plant material were used as the input substrate. As a result of autothermal drying processes, moisture content decreased by 50 % of the initial moisture content of organic waste of about 800 g kg−1. In the tested cycles, high temperatures of biodried waste mass were achieved (54–56°C). An appropriate quantity of air was supplied to maintain a satisfactory level of temperature and moisture removal in the biodried mass and high energy content in the final product. The heat of combustion of dried waste and its calorific value were determined in a calorimeter. Examinations of pyrolysis and gasification of dried waste confirmed their usefulness as biofuel of satisfactory energy content.

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