Computer-Aided Generation of Modular Designs Considering Component End-of-Life Options: Implications for the Supply Chain

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirup Philip ◽  
Gül E. Okudan ◽  
Karl R. Haapala ◽  
Kyoung-yun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Life Options ◽  
Design For Variety

Given the growing demand for product customization, modularization is a viable way to reduce the complexity of new product development. This study presents a framework to incorporate component end-of-life options through modularization during the early design stages, to simultaneously account for supply chain factors as well as evaluating design variants. In order to accomplish this, we extend an existing software framework; this software is aimed at creating a computational design tool to aid designers in developing new modular products, by taking into account design for assembly (DfA) and design for variety (DfV). We present an extension to that work where the user has the ability to generate modular designs considering component end-of-life options, and to optimize relevant supplier selections, either to minimize costs or carbon footprint. We compare the results of this modularization with the widely used decomposition approach (DA). Overall, this computational tool enables users to understand the trade-offs between product design and supply chain performance, and the presented investigation on the two modularization methods (DA and Green DA) attests to the implications of design decisions throughout the supply chain and across the product life cycle.

Improving the Supply Chain (SC) Stream with Green Product Design (GPD) Strategy

2016 ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Villanueva ◽  
Emilio Jimenez-Macias ◽  
Julio Blanco-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Product Design ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Product ◽  
Material Transportation ◽  
Green Product Design ◽  
The Way

The current Supply Chain (SC) is under change. The traditional way to generate a product contained the following stages: product design, raw material selection, material transportation, manufacturability, distribution and disposition at end of life. Product design for instance, is considered an extremely important stage of a product, being that, it directs the way the product can potentially be managed along the SC. It defines the raw material to be used, the possible supplier to select, the industrial processes involved in its fabrication, the packaging for its transportation and the newest stage where the product reaches its end of life and needs to be disposed. The Product design then becomes Green Product Design (GPD), where energy, time, resources become critical for a company. GPD takes into account the whole product life cycle. This chapter presents the importance of having a GPD process into the SC, the way to incorporate it, and the benefits of implementing it into the SC.

Supply Chain of Waste Cotton Recycling and Reuse: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Sara Johnson ◽  
Darlene Echeverria ◽  
Richard Venditti ◽  
Hasan Jameel ◽  
Yuan Yao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Life Options ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
Textile Products

A comprehensive understanding of the waste cotton supply chain and different end-of-life options is essential to promote cotton recycling and reuse. This study analyzed global and US data to understand the quantity, current sources, and destinations of waste cotton. Globally, 11.6 million metric tons of waste cotton are generated per year during cotton garment production. This study also reviewed different options for recycling both pre-consumer and post-consumer cotton waste via chemical and mechanical processes. Different applications of waste cotton were compared to their virgin counterparts from technical, environmental, and economic perspectives. Unlike most previous studies, this research included applications that are not traditional textile products (e. g., biofuels and composites), shedding light on potential new markets for waste cotton that will not compete with virgin cotton.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Forest-Based Products: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalakanta Sahoo ◽  
Richard Bergman ◽  
Sevda Alanya-Rosenbaum ◽  
Hongmei Gu ◽  
Shaobo Liang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Building Products ◽  
Trade Offs

Climate change, environmental degradation, and limited resources are motivations for sustainable forest management. Forests, the most abundant renewable resource on earth, used to make a wide variety of forest-based products for human consumption. To provide a scientific measure of a product’s sustainability and environmental performance, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used. This article provides a comprehensive review of environmental performances of forest-based products including traditional building products, emerging (mass-timber) building products and nanomaterials using attributional LCA. Across the supply chain, the product manufacturing life-cycle stage tends to have the largest environmental impacts. However, forest management activities and logistics tend to have the greatest economic impact. In addition, environmental trade-offs exist when regulating emissions as indicated by the latest traditional wood building product LCAs. Interpretation of these LCA results can guide new product development using biomaterials, future (mass) building systems and policy-making on mitigating climate change. Key challenges include handling of uncertainties in the supply chain and complex interactions of environment, material conversion, resource use for product production and quantifying the emissions released.

Improving the Supply Chain (SC) Stream With Green Product Design (GPD) Strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 859-883
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Villanueva ◽  
Emilio Jimenez-Macias ◽  
Julio Blanco-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Product Design ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Product ◽  
Material Transportation ◽  
Green Product Design ◽  
The Way

The current Supply Chain (SC) is under change. The traditional way to generate a product contained the following stages: product design, raw material selection, material transportation, manufacturability, distribution and disposition at end of life. Product design for instance, is considered an extremely important stage of a product, being that, it directs the way the product can potentially be managed along the SC. It defines the raw material to be used, the possible supplier to select, the industrial processes involved in its fabrication, the packaging for its transportation and the newest stage where the product reaches its end of life and needs to be disposed. The Product design then becomes Green Product Design (GPD), where energy, time, resources become critical for a company. GPD takes into account the whole product life cycle. This chapter presents the importance of having a GPD process into the SC, the way to incorporate it, and the benefits of implementing it into the SC.

Design-Driven Integrated-Comprehensive Model CDFS Strategic Relationships

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasan T. Khorasani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
New Product ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Star Model ◽  
Product Life

Measuring quality in design-driven innovation is part of the larger subject of product design, supply chain management and new product development (NPD). In other words, better design and supply chain integration increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the production development process. In this work, I have studied the role of understanding the needs of customers and design approaches for new products through a combination of customer feedback and participation of designers in the first phase of new product development. Furthermore, I discuss why the incorporation of both designers and customer needs is important to design-driven innovation. In the second phase of this study, I present several case studies in terms of supplier-buyer relationships in order to find a solution that achieves a long-term relationship (the alliance-star model) in new product development, which is a crucial problem in the Blue Ocean Strategy. Finally, by presenting the CDFS (Customer-Designer-Firm-Supplier) strategic model, we show schematically the integrated-comprehensive process approach for creating a new innovative product from the concept phase through to the end of Product life cycle. This model presents the process of new innovation, which can ensure added value during Product life cycle.

scholarly journals Comparative life cycle assessment of LED lighting products

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Casamayor ◽  
D Su ◽  
Z Ren
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
System Boundaries ◽  
Led Lighting ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Life Options

The use of LED lighting products is growing rapidly. However, there are no in-depth, updated studies that show how to assess and compare these products for eco-design purposes. This research aims to inform eco-design by assessing and comparing the environmental impact of a new LED eco-lighting product with an existing LED lighting product. A cradle to grave life cycle assessment is conducted. The system boundaries include all product life cycle stages, except the maintenance of the luminaires and the manufacturing of the packaging. A novel functional unit is defined for the assessment, which is more suitable for LED lighting products. Six scenarios are considered, including three probable useful lives of the luminaires (1000, 15,000 and 40,000 hours) and two end of life options (domestic bin and recycling centre). The life cycle assessment results reveal that the new eco-lighting product has about 60% less environmental impact than the existing lighting product in all scenarios. The life cycle stages with the biggest impacts are, in decreasing order: (1) use, (2) manufacturing, (3) end of life and (4) transport. Recommendations for the eco-design of LED lighting products are proposed, and the challenges in applying life cycle assessment for eco-design are discussed.

scholarly journals Importance of End-of-Life Cost for a Product Life Cycle in the Choice Between Copper and Aluminium

2017 ◽  
pp. 697-707
Author(s):  
Bo Carlsson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Design Alternatives

A total cost accounting approach was used to analyse the suitability of copper and aluminium as winding material for transformers, using available data from the Ecoinvent database. It could be concluded that the use of recycled metal is a necessary requisite for sustainability. Using cost data for energy and materials and reasonable assumptions about costs for labour and interest for the metal supplier and the product manufacturer, the copper alternative turns out to be the better choice, especially when the expected increase in the prices of energy,copper, and aluminium during life cycle is taken into account. When considering environmental cost, useful indicators are those that can be expressed in cost terms. With the Ecoindicator 99 indicator as the basis for estimating environmental cost, the aluminium alternative is better than the copper alternative. However, the contribution of the environmental cost to the total cost has minor importance when compared with the effect you get from the negative cost contribution from the end-of-life phase. Therefore, the copper alternative is the better choice in terms of least total cost in the application considered. From the study it could also be concluded that the total cost accounting approach would be a valuable design tool, when comparing two design alternatives of a product functional unit to decide which of the two is the more favourable from a sustainability point of view.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Environmental Dimension of Material Efficiency Strategies Relating to the Circular Economy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Walker ◽  
Nick Coleman ◽  
Peter Hodgson ◽  
Nicola Collins ◽  
Louis Brimacombe
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Management ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Material Efficiency

Material efficiency is a key element of new thinking to address the challenges of reducing impacts on the environment and of resource scarcity, whilst at the same time meeting service and functionality demands on materials. Directly related to material efficiency is the concept of the Circular Economy, which is based on the principle of optimising the utility embodied in materials and products through the life cycle. Whilst steel, as a result of high recycling rates, is one of the most ‘circular’ of all manufactured materials, significant opportunities for greater material efficiency exist, which are yet to be widely implemented. In the field of Life Cycle Management, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess the environmental benefits of recovering and recycling materials through the manufacturing supply chain and at end-of-life. As well as containing information to calculate environmental impacts, LCA models also provide the flows of materials through the product life cycle and can also be used to quantify material efficiency and the circularity of a product system. Using an example taken from renewable energy generation, this paper explores the correlation between product circularity and the environmental case for strategies designed to improve material efficiency. An LCA-based methodology for accounting for the recovery and re-use of materials from the supply chain, and at end-of-life, is used as the basis for calculating the carbon footprint benefits of five material efficiency scenarios. Resulting carbon footprints were then compared with a number of proposed material circularity indicators. Two conclusions from this exercise were that i) LCA methodologies based around end-of-life approaches are well placed for quantifying the environmental benefits of material efficiency and circular economy strategies and ii) when applying indicators relating to the circularity of materials these should also be supported by LCA studies.

Classification of Operational and Financial Variables Affecting the Bullwhip Effect in Indian Sectors: A Machine Learning Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Gupta ◽  
Anurag Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Mining ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Management ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Financial Variables

Background: The increased variability in production or procurement with respect to less increase of variability in demand or sales is considered as bullwhip effect. Bullwhip effect is considered as an encumbrance in optimization of supply chain as it causes inadequacy in the supply chain. Various operations and supply chain management consultants, managers and researchers are doing a rigorous study to find the causes behind the dynamic nature of the supply chain management and have listed shorter product life cycle, change in technology, change in consumer preference and era of globalization, to name a few. Most of the literature that explored bullwhip effect is found to be based on simulations and mathematical models. Exploring bullwhip effect using machine learning is the novel approach of the present study. Methods: Present study explores the operational and financial variables affecting the bullwhip effect on the basis of secondary data. Data mining and machine learning techniques are used to explore the variables affecting bullwhip effect in Indian sectors. Rapid Miner tool has been used for data mining and 10-fold cross validation has been performed. Weka Alternating Decision Tree (w-ADT) has been built for decision makers to mitigate bullwhip effect after the classification. Results: Out of the 19 selected variables affecting bullwhip effect 7 variables have been selected which have highest accuracy level with minimum deviation. Conclusion: Classification technique using machine learning provides an effective tool and techniques to explore bullwhip effect in supply chain management.

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