Automated Assignment of Physical Effects to Functions Using Ports Based on Bond Graphs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bergen Helms ◽  
Hansjo¨rg Schultheiß ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Automated Assignment ◽  
Bond Graphs ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Physical Effects

Innovation processes are highly susceptible to cyclic influences, such as evolving knowledge due to new technologies. In order to cope with these challenge, computational support is required. Paper-based design methods have vast amounts of knowledge at their disposal in the form of design catalogues. However, lacking a computational implementation, these knowledge sources provide no support for considering dynamic influences in the innovation process. The presented method is targeted at making the physical effects contained in design catalogues available for computational design synthesis approaches. For this purpose, this paper introduces the notion of abstraction ports that is used to represent the valid mapping between functional operators and physical effects. For the automated assignment of abstraction ports, a method has been developed that analyzes the equation structure of physical effects. This approach is derived from the modeling technique of bond graphs and is independent of any selection process proposed by design catalogues. Moreover, it allows for the formalization of evolving knowledge in new physical effects that are not yet contained in design catalogues. The assignment of abstraction ports has been successfully validated through the formalization of the physical effects of two design catalogues. Future work comprises the integration of quantitative characteristics of physical effects and the realization within the object-oriented graph grammar system booggie.

Automated Mapping of Physical Effects to Functions Using Abstraction Ports Based on Bond Graphs

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bergen Helms ◽  
Hansjoerg Schultheiss ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Automated Assignment ◽  
Bond Graphs ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Physical Effects ◽  
Computational Design Synthesis

Innovation processes are highly susceptible to cyclic influences, such as evolving knowledge due to new technologies. In order to better meet these challenges, improved computational design support is required. Paper-based design methods have vast amounts of knowledge at their disposal in the form of their design catalogs. However, they lack a corresponding computational implementation that could lead to increased use in design. The method presented is targeted at making the physical effects contained in design catalogs available for use within computational design synthesis approaches. This paper introduces the notion of abstraction ports that are used to represent the valid mapping between functional operators and physical effects. For the automated assignment of abstraction ports, a method is presented that analyzes the equation structure of physical effects. This approach is derived from the modeling technique of bond graphs and is independent of any selection process proposed by design catalogs. Moreover, it allows for the uniform formalization of evolving knowledge in new physical effects that are not yet contained in design catalogs. The assignment of abstraction ports is successfully validated through the formalization of the physical effects of two design catalogs. Furthermore, a software prototype is developed that implements a search process for suitable physical effects for a given function. Future work includes the integration of quantitative characteristics of physical effects and the integration of the approach within the object-oriented graph grammar implementation booggie (project web site: http://booggie.org) for computational design synthesis.

Strategies for Topologic and Parametric Rule Application in Automated Design Synthesis Using Graph Grammars

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Königseder ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Task Graph ◽  
Graph Grammars ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Objective Function Values

Computational Design Synthesis (CDS) is used to enable the computer to generate valid and even creative solutions for an engineering task. Graph grammars are a CDS approach in which engineering knowledge is formalized using graphs to represent designs and rules that describe possible graph transformations, i.e. changes of designs. For most engineering tasks two different kinds of rules are required: rules that change the topology and rules that change parameters of a design. One of the main challenges in CDS using both topologic and parametric rules is to decide a priori which type of rule to apply in which stage of the synthesis process. The research presented in this paper describes different strategies for the combination of topologic and parametric rules during automated design synthesis. A graph grammar for the design of gearboxes is investigated in which topologic rules change the structure, i.e. the number and connections of gears and shafts, whereas parametric rules change the layout and sizing, i.e. the dimensions and positions of gears and shafts, in the gearbox. For the generation of new designs, two simple multi-objective stochastic search algorithms are used and compared. Four different strategies are presented that determine in different ways which type of rule (topologic or parametric) to apply in which stage of the synthesis process. The presented strategies are compared considering the quantity of the generated designs, i.e. the number of topologically different designs, and their quality, i.e. their objective function values. Results show a significant influence of the chosen strategy only in an early stage of the synthesis process. The discussion examines the adaptability of the proposed strategies to other engineering tasks.

Computational Synthesis of Product Architectures Based on Object-Oriented Graph Grammars

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bergen Helms ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Process ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Graph Representation ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Graph Grammars ◽  
Computational Synthesis ◽  
The Impact

Computational design synthesis aims to iteratively and automatically generate solution spaces of standard and novel design alternatives to support the innovation process. New approaches are required to generate alternative solutions at the function and behavior level as well as to ease the computational modeling of design knowledge. This paper introduces the approach of object-oriented graph grammars for the computational synthesis of product models based on a Function–Behavior–Structure (FBS) representation. The approach combines the advantages of a generic and systematic design method with a highly computable graph representation and object-oriented concepts. Through this combination, advances in terms of extendibility, efficiency, and flexible formalization of declarative and procedural engineering knowledge are achieved. Validation of the method is given through the synthesis of hybrid powertrains. The generation of hybrid powertrain solution spaces is shown, especially focusing on the impact of an evolving vocabulary, or building blocks, for synthesis. Future work includes integrating search methods in the synthesis process along with quantitative evaluation using simulation methods.

Solving Design Tasks in Engineering Using Object-Oriented Graph-Based Representations and Boolean Satisfiability

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Münzer ◽  
Kristina Shea ◽  
Bergen Helms
Keyword(s):  
Solution Space ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Boolean Satisfiability ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Boolean Satisfiability Problem ◽  
Systematic Solution ◽  
Computational Design Synthesis

Ever since computers have been used to support human designers, a variety of representations have been used to encapsulate engineering knowledge. Computational design synthesis approaches utilize this knowledge to generate design candidates for a specified task. However, new approaches are required to enable systematic solution space exploration. This paper presents an approach that combines a graph-based, object-oriented knowledge representation with first-order logic and Boolean satisfiability. This combination is used as the foundation for a generic, automated approach for requirement-driven computational design synthesis. Available design building blocks and a design task defined through a set of requirements are modeled in a graph-based environment and then automatically transferred into a Boolean satisfiability problem and solved, considering a given solution size. The solution is then automatically transferred back to the graph-based domain. The method is validated through the synthesis of automotive powertrains. The contribution of the paper is a new method that is both able to determine that an engineering task is solvable or not given a set of design building blocks and able to systematically explore the solution space.

scholarly journals A Computational Design Synthesis Method for the Generation of Rigid Origami Crease Patterns

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-57
Author(s):  
Luca Zimmermann ◽  
Kristina Shea ◽  
Tino Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Rigid Body ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Generative Design ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Rigid Body Modes ◽  
Computational Design Synthesis

Abstract Today most origami crease patterns employed in technical applications are selected from a handful of well-known origami principles. Computational algorithms capable of generating novel crease patterns either target artistic origami, focus on quadrilateral creased paper, or do not incorporate direct knowledge for the purposeful design of crease patterns tailored to engineering applications. The lack of computational methods for the generative design of crease patterns for engineering applications arises from a multitude of geometric complexities intrinsic to origami, such as rigid foldability and rigid body modes, many of which have been addressed by recent work of the authors. Based on these findings, in this paper we introduce a Computational Design Synthesis method for the generative design of novel crease patterns to develop origami concepts for engineering applications. The proposed method first generates crease pattern graphs through a graph grammar that automatically builds the kinematic model of the underlying origami and introduces constraints for rigid foldability. Then, the method enumerates all design alternatives that arise from the assignment of different rigid body modes to the internal vertices. These design alternatives are then automatically optimized and checked for intersection to satisfy the given design task. The proposed method is generic and applied here to two design tasks that are a rigidly foldable gripper and a rigidly foldable robotic arm.

Automated Synthesis of Passive Dynamic Brachiating Robots Using a Simulation-Driven Graph Grammar Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Stöckli ◽  
Kristina Shea
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Robotic Systems ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Contact ◽  
Cyclic Motion ◽  
Grammar Rules

Passive dynamic systems have the advantage over conventional robotic systems that they do not require actuators and control. Brachiating, in particular, involves the swinging motion of an animal from one branch to the next. Such systems are usually designed manually by human designers and often are bio-inspired. However, a computational design approach has the capability to search vast design spaces and find solutions that go beyond those possible by manual design. This paper addresses the automated design of passive dynamic systems by introducing a graph grammar-based method that integrates dynamic simulation to evaluate and evolve configurations. In particular, the method is shown to find different, new solutions to the problem of the design of two-dimensional passive, dynamic, continuous contact, brachiating robots. The presented graph grammar rules preserve symmetry among robot topologies. A separation of parametric multi-objective optimization and topologic synthesis is proposed, considering four objectives: number of successful swings, deviation from cyclic motion, required space, and number of bodies. The results show that multiple solutions with varying complexity are found that trade-off cyclic motion and the space required. Compared to research on automated design synthesis of actuated and controlled robotic systems, this paper contributes a new method for passive dynamic systems that integrates dynamic simulation.

Automated Parametric Design Synthesis Using Graph Grammars and Constraint Solving

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Münzer ◽  
Kristina Shea ◽  
Bergen Helms
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Constraint Satisfaction Problem ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Constraint Solving ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Product Concept ◽  
Computational Design Synthesis

Computational design synthesis aims to support human designers throughout the design process. However, most approaches to date are limited to narrow parts of this process. The approach presented in this paper aims to respond to the need for a method that covers not only single aspects of the design process, but the whole design process from requirements to a dimensioned product concept, i.e. product architecture and related parameters. A generic approach is presented that covers requirements engineering, graph grammar-based concept architecture synthesis and automated parameterization of components based on constraint solving. Requirements are elaborated and divided into different categories. Procedures to treat each category of requirement are introduced to provide the initial state for the graph grammar-based concept synthesis. After finishing the automated synthesis based on generic and problem-specific rules, valid solutions for the resulting product concept parameterization are automatically created by setting up and solving a constraint satisfaction problem. Finally, the method is validated through the synthesis of automotive powertrains. This research goes beyond prior work in the field as it provides a continuous and generic approach starting with product requirements and ending with a valid, parameterized product concept.

Automated Graph Grammar Generation for Engineering Design With Frequent Pattern Mining

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha Sangelkar ◽  
Daniel A. McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Pattern Mining ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Graph Grammar ◽  
Frequent Pattern ◽  
Graph Grammars ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Graph Data ◽  
Grammar Rules ◽  
Computational Design Synthesis

Graph grammars, a technique for formulating new graphs based on a set of rules, is a very powerful tool for computational design synthesis. It is particularly suitable for discrete categorical data where principal component analysis is generally not applicable. Furthermore, this technique utilizes three different programs in conjunction with a design repository, which is opposed to traditional methods that require experts to empirically derive graph grammars. This technique can be separated into three steps. These steps are the creation of the input, graph data mining, and interpretation of the output with the intention of these steps being to automate or assist an expert with the process of extracting engineering graph grammars. Graph grammars that can then serve as guidelines during concept generation. The results of this paper show that this technique is very applicable to computational design synthesis by testing only a small number of products and still producing tangible results that coincide with empirically derived graphs. Fifty electromechanical products from the design repository are used in this study. When comparing, the machine generated grammar rules with expert derived grammar rules, it can be seen that only 14% cannot be developed, 58% cannot be mined with the current setup and 28% were mined with the current set up. However, it is important to keep in mind a few considerations. Specifically, the technique does not replace the expert. Instead, the technique acts as more of an aid than a replacement. Also, while this technique has great potential in regards to computational design synthesis, it is limited to the products in the design repository and the current implementation of the aforementioned programs. Despite these minor considerations, this work proposes application of graph data mining to derive engineering grammars.

scholarly journals Innovating on Inhaled Bioequivalence: A Critical Analysis of the Current Limitations, Potential Solutions and Stakeholders of the Process

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051
Author(s):  
Jonattan Gallegos-Catalán ◽  
Zachary Warnken ◽  
Tania F. Bahamondez-Canas ◽  
Daniel Moraga-Espinoza
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Orally Inhaled Drug Products ◽  
Next Generation Impactor ◽  
First Time

Orally inhaled drug products (OIDPs) are an important group of medicines traditionally used to treat pulmonary diseases. Over the past decade, this trend has broadened, increasing their use in other conditions such as diabetes, expanding the interest in this administration route. Thus, the bioequivalence of OIDPs is more important than ever, aiming to increase access to affordable, safe and effective medicines, which translates into better public health policies. However, regulatory agencies leading the bioequivalence process are still deciding the best approach for ensuring a proposed inhalable product is bioequivalent. This lack of agreement translates into less cost-effective strategies to determine bioequivalence, discouraging innovation in this field. The Next-Generation Impactor (NGI) is an example of the slow pace at which the inhalation field evolves. The NGI was officially implemented in 2003, being the last equipment innovation for OIDP characterization. Even though it was a breakthrough in the field, it did not solve other deficiencies of the BE process such as dissolution rate analysis on physiologically relevant conditions, being the last attempt of transferring technology into the field. This review aims to reveal the steps required for innovation in the regulations defining the bioequivalence of OIDPs, elucidating the pitfalls of implementing new technologies in the current standards. To do so, we collected the opinion of experts from the literature to explain these trends, showing, for the first time, the stakeholders of the OIDP market. This review analyzes the stakeholders involved in the development, improvement and implementation of methodologies that can help assess bioequivalence between OIDPs. Additionally, it presents a list of methods potentially useful to overcome some of the current limitations of the bioequivalence standard methodologies. Finally, we review one of the most revolutionary approaches, the inhaled Biopharmaceutical Classification System (IBCs), which can help establish priorities and order in both the innovation process and in regulations for OIDPs.

A Spectral Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Objective Prototype Selection

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Dong ◽  
Alice M. Agogino
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Spectral Optimization ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract In design synthesis, engineering prototypes make an ideal representation medium for preliminary designs. Unlike parametric design wherein a pre-specified design is parametrically varied, design synthesis demands artistic creativity and engineering experience to transform the previously known components, relationships and designs into a new form. The process compels the designer to ascertain which prototypes will, in some sense, best satisfy the design task. The challenge in this assignment lies in selecting the “right” design prototype. This selection process typically entails an objective evaluation of different designs that perform the same functions or have similar intended behavior and comparing trade-offs between alternate designs. This paper introduces a multi-objective spectral optimization algorithm for the selection of design prototypes based upon their functional representations. The optimization algorithm returns an index of rank, scoring the functional similarity of the proposed design to the goal design. Two illustrative examples apply the algorithm to the selection of a heat fin and beam.

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