Optimization of Wind Turbine Placement in Offshore Wind Farms

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeng Li ◽  
J. Iwan D. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wake Interactions ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
Wind Distribution

In this paper, a Genetic Algorithm is used to find optimized spatial configurations of wind turbines in offshore or flat terrain wind farms. The optimization is made by obtaining maximizing power output per unit cost. A wake model which permits the calculation of single wakes, multiple wakes and wake interactions is employed to estimate wind speeds at each turbine for a given external wind distribution function and a given spatial configuration. The optimization is applied to cases of unidirectional wind, variable direction winds and variable wind speed. The placement of a turbine can be set at any location following the approach of Mittal et al. Results are obtained for different spacing limits between turbines and wind farms of different sizes. The results for some patterns of optimized placements of wind turbines are discussed in the context of the wind distributions and the wake model employed.

scholarly journals Foundation Types for Land and Offshore Sustainable Wind Energy Turbine Towers

2020 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 01094
Author(s):  
C Lavanya ◽  
Nandyala Darga Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Wind Turbine Towers

Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy and it is used to generate electricity. The wind farms can be constructed on land and offshore where higher wind speeds are prevailing. Most offshore wind farms employ fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water. In deep waters floating wind turbines have gained popularity and are recent development. This paper discusses the various types of foundations which are in practice for use in wind turbine towers installed on land and offshore. The applicability of foundations based on depth of seabed and distance of wind farm from the shore are discussed. Also, discussed the improvement methods of weak or soft soils for the foundations of wind turbine towers.

scholarly journals Optimal Pitch Angle Strategy for Energy Maximization in Offshore Wind Farms Considering Gaussian Wake Model

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Javier Serrano González ◽  
Bruno López ◽  
Martín Draper
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Wake Effect ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
The Individual

This paper presents a new approach based on the optimization of the blade pitching strategy of offshore wind turbines in order to maximize the global energy output considering the Gaussian wake model and including the effect of added turbulence. A genetic algorithm is proposed as an optimization tool in the process of finding the optimal setting of the wind turbines, which aims to determine the individual pitch of each turbine so that the overall losses due to the wake effect are minimised. The integration of the Gaussian model, including the added turbulence effect, for the evaluation of the wakes provides a step forward in the development of strategies for optimal operation of offshore wind farms, as it is one of the state-of-the-art analytical wake models that allow the evaluation of the energy output of the project in a more reliable way. The proposed methodology has been tested through the execution of a set of test cases that show the ability of the proposed tool to maximize the energy production of offshore wind farms, as well as highlights the importance of considering the effect of added turbulence in the evaluation of the wake.

scholarly journals Doppler Lidar Investigations of Wind Turbine Near-Wakes and LES Modeling with New Porous Disc Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2101
Author(s):  
Takanori Uchida ◽  
Tadasuke Yoshida ◽  
Masaki Inui ◽  
Yoshihiro Taniyama
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Speed Distribution ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
Turbine Wake ◽  
Swept Area

Many bottom-mounted offshore wind farms are currently planned for the coastal areas of Japan, in which wind speeds of 6.0–10.0 m/s are extremely common. The impact of such wind speeds is very relevant for the realization of bottom-mounted offshore wind farms. In evaluating the feasibility of these wind farms, therefore, strict evaluation at wind speeds of 6.0–10.0 m/s is important. In the present study, the airflow characteristics of 2 MW-class downwind wind turbine wake flows were first investigated using a vertically profiling remote sensing wind measurement device (lidar). The wind turbines used in this study are installed at the point where the sea is just in front of the wind turbines. A ground-based continuous-wave (CW) conically scanning wind lidar system (“ZephIR ZX300”) was used. Focusing on the wind turbine near-wakes, the detailed behaviors were considered. We found that the influence of the wind turbine wake, that is, the wake loss (wind velocity deficit), is extremely large in the wind speed range of 6.0–10.0 m/s, and that the wake loss was almost constant at such wind speeds (6.0–10.0 m/s). It was additionally shown that these results correspond to the distribution of the thrust coefficient of the wind turbine. We proposed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) porous disk (PD) wake model as an intermediate method between engineering wake models and CFD wake models. Based on the above observations, the wind speed range for reproducing the behavior of the wind turbine wakes with the CFD PD wake model we developed was set to 6.0–10.0 m/s. Targeting the vertical wind speed distribution in the near-wake region acquired in the “ZephIR ZX300”, we tuned the parameters of the CFD PD wake model (CRC = 2.5). We found that in practice, when evaluating the mean wind velocity deficit due to wind turbine wakes, applying the CFD PD wake model in the wind turbine swept area was very effective. That is, the CFD PD wake model can reproduce the mean average wind speed distribution in the wind turbine swept area.

Performance Analysis of SMES Integrated with Offshore Wind Farms to Power Systems through MT-HVDC

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Badr ◽  
Ahmed M. Atallah ◽  
Mona A. Bayoumi
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Active Network ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds

<p>With the increase in the development of offshore wind farm (OWF) around the world, this paper describes OWF consisting of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines connected to Active network (AC grid) and Passive network (loads) through Multi Terminal High voltage direct current(MT-HVDC) transmission system. This paper discusses the effect of using a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit in a hybrid power system that contains OWF. In this paper, we have aggregated 300 wind turbines of 1.5 MW PMSG using an aggregation technique (multi full aggregated model using equivalent wind speed (MFAM_EWS)). Furthermore, we have used a detector to detect any tripping of any wind turbine and substitute the shortage of power due to this loss of wind turbines immediately through SMES. The Active network in this paper should have a minimum of 150 MW power to be supplied by controlling the SMES unit (absorbing or providing power according to the system requirement). Simulation has been carried out by MATLAB/Simulink program to test the effectiveness of the SMES unit during tripping some of the wind turbines, fluctuation in wind speeds, load change and voltage dips. </p>

scholarly journals Analysis of offshore wind farm located on Baltic Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01049
Author(s):  
Anna Sobotka ◽  
Kajetan Chmielewski ◽  
Marcin Rowicki ◽  
Justyna Dudzińska ◽  
Przemysław Janiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
The Baltic

Poland is currently at the beginning of the energy transformation. Nowadays, most of the electricity generated in Poland comes from coal combustion. However, in accordance to the European Union policy of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, there are already plans to switch to low-emission energy sources in Poland, one of which are offshore wind farms. The article presents the current regulatory environment of the offshore wind energy in Poland, along with a reference to Polish and European decarbonisation plans. In the further part of the article, the methods of determining the kinetic energy of wind and the power curve of a wind turbine are discussed. Then, on the basis of historical data of wind speeds collected in the area of the Baltic Sea, calculations are carried out leading to obtain statistical distributions of power that could be generated by an exemplary wind farm with a power capacity of 400 MW, located at the place of wind measurements. On their basis, statistical differences in the wind power generation between years, months of the year and hours of the day are analysed.

Seismic Design for Offshore Wind Farms – Lessons Learnt From the ACE Joint Industry Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Klose ◽  
Junkan Wang ◽  
Albert Ku
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Seismic Load ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Asian Pacific Region ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the past, most of the offshore wind farms have been installed in European countries. In contrast to offshore wind projects in European waters, it became clear that the impact from earthquakes is expected to be one of the major design drivers for the wind turbines and their support structures in other areas of the world. This topic is of high importance in offshore markets in the Asian Pacific region like China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea as well as parts of the United States. So far, seismic design for wind turbines is not described in large details in existing wind energy standards while local as well as international offshore oil & gas standards do not consider the specifics of modern wind turbines. In 2019, DNV GL started a Joint Industry Project (JIP) called “ACE -Alleviating Cyclone and Earthquake challenges for wind farms”. Based on the project results, a Recommended Practice (RP) for seismic design of wind turbines and their support structures will be developed. It will supplement existing standards like DNVGL-ST-0126, DNVGL-ST-0437 and the IEC 61400 series. This paper addresses the area of seismic load calculation and the details of combining earthquake impact with other environmental loads. Different options of analysis, particularly time-domain simulations with integrated models or submodelling techniques using superelements will be presented. Seismic ground motions using a uniform profile or depth-varying input profile are discussed. Finally, the seismic load design return period is addressed.

On the Necessity of Technology Qualification in the Offshore Wind Energy Industry

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. S. M. K. Samarakoon ◽  
O. T. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
Wind Farm ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Best Available Techniques ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Financial Losses

Wind farm technology can be considered as one of the best available techniques to deliver renewable energy. Similarly, the number of wind farms has been growing rapidly owing to their contribution to sustainable development. Recently also, there has been a growing awareness of the need to develop a plentiful number of wind farms offshore rather than onshore. This is due to the consideration that the offshore wind farms are more beneficial than onshore with respect to their exposure to higher wind speeds while covering extensive areas. Less turbulence offshore also allows the turbines to harvest the available energy more effectively than onshore and to reduce the fatigue on turbines. Furthermore, most of the offshore wind farms are located in remote areas, which helps to avoid noise effects and the visual burden (shadows) on society. However, the malfunctioning of the turbines in offshore wind farms after a few months or years from their commissioning is a one of the challenging issue. The outcome of the failures leads to large financial losses owing to cost-intensive repairs and weather-related delays. Therefore, identification of potential failures at the early stages of development through a technology qualification procedure will help to minimize the loss of financial resources by increasing the reliability of the systems and the availability of wind power. Basically, appraisal of risk and reliability aspects is playing a key role in this qualification process in order to confirm that the system will perform as intended. This study identifies some recent historical failures in offshore wind farms causing significant financial losses. Further, it discusses the reasons of the failures and the possibility to overcome future obstacles in developing offshore wind farms using a technology qualification procedure. Finally, this paper discusses whether the existing technology qualification procedure can be directly applied for offshore wind farms, and what important modifications are necessary.

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