Modification of an Involute Gearing and Its Effect on a Loading Capacity

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenek Dejl ◽  
Vladimir Moravec
Keyword(s):  
Contact Stress ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Separate Part ◽  
Face Width ◽  
Lifetime Test ◽  
The Face ◽  
Involute Gears

A modification of an involute gearing is presented by a modification of an involute and a longitudinal modification along the face width. In the contribution both of the modifications are presented and theoretical and practical methods for determination of their parameters are shown. Experimental methods of setting up of input data for design of modifications are brought in then. These data are prepared on the basis of measuring of deformations of gearwheels bodies, shafts and shafts supports. An attention is given to the influence on a size and position of a zone of contact of meshing teeth. A separate part deals with the appreciation of an influence of modification on a size of a noise and vibrations of involute gears. As far as a loading capacity of modified involute gearings, the attention is first given to the loading capacity in a contact stress between teeth faces. The comparison is made between loading capacity of an involute gearing with no modification and a gearing modified by various types of modifications. This comparison is made both by using a FEM and by experiment. Experiment is based on lifetime test of these gearing.

Analytical Determination of Basic Machine-Tool Settings for Generation of Spiral Bevel Gears From Blank Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Gonzalez-Perez ◽  
Alfonso Fuentes ◽  
Kenichi Hayasaka
Keyword(s):  
Machine Tool ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Spiral Bevel Gears ◽  
Bevel Gears ◽  
Face Width ◽  
The Face ◽  
Shaft Angle ◽  
Spiral Bevel

An approach for analytical determination of basic machine-tool settings for generation of spiral bevel gears from blank data is proposed. Generation by face-milling is considered. The analytical procedure is based on the similitudes between the conditions of generation between the gear member and its head-cutter and the conditions of imaginary meshing between the gear member and its crown gear. The blank data considered are the number of teeth of the pinion and the gear, the module, the spiral and pressure angles, the face width, the shaft angle, the depth factor, the clearance factor, and the mean addendum factor. These starting data can be established following the directions of the Standard ANSI/AGMA 2005-D03. Once the gear machine-tool settings are determined, an existing approach of local synthesis is applied to determine the pinion machine-tool settings that provide the desired conditions of meshing and contact of the gear drive. The developed theory is illustrated with a numerical example.

Frictional Contact Stress Analysis of Spur Gear by Using Finite Element Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farhan ◽  
Saravanan Karuppanan ◽  
Santosh S. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Contact Stress ◽  
Frictional Coefficient ◽  
Spur Gear ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Face Width ◽  
The Face ◽  
Stress Result ◽  
Element Method

Spur gear is used to transfer rotary motion between parallel shafts. The simplicity in its design is one of the advantages of the spur gear. However higher frictional force that is accumulated on the gear teeth will influence the spur gear performance. Many previous papers elaborated extensively on the contact stress in the spur gear but few of them gave the details on how friction affects the gear teeth. There are insufficient frictional effect data in the gear and thus should be regarded as an important research parameter. In this paper, the contact stress of spur gear has been evaluated with and without friction by employing the Hertz theory, AGMA standard and finite element method (FEM). The frictionless contact stress result has been validated with both the theoretical methods with minimum deviation. Frictional coefficient range of 0.0 to 0.3 was selected and the corresponding contact stress is directly proportional to the friction coefficient. The work also involves the variation of face width of the gear set under the influence of friction. The contact stress of spur gear was found to be inversely proportional to the face width.

Development of Conical Involute Gears (Beveloids) for Vehicle Transmissions

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bo¨rner ◽  
K. Humm ◽  
F. Joachim
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Installation Space ◽  
Face Width ◽  
Geometry Design ◽  
Vehicle Transmissions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Involute Gears ◽  
Conical Gears ◽  
Design Production

Conical involute gears (beveloids) are used in transmissions with intersecting or skew axes and for backlash-free transmissions with parallel axes. Conical gears are spur or helical gears with variable addendum modification (tooth thickness) across the face width. They can mesh with all gears made with the same tool. The geometry of such gears is generally known, but applications in power transmissions are more or less exceptional. ZF applications so far include marine transmissions with inclined output shafts and low backlash robot transmissions. The latest development has been realized for the AWD version of a six-speed automatic transmission. Here, the torque must be transmitted from a center differential to a front-axle bevel gear. By means of conical spur gears, it has been possible to realize an inclined drive shaft which offers considerable advantages in terms of installation space. This lecture deals with the development of conical gears for vehicle transmissions: basic geometry, design, production and testing.

scholarly journals Numerical study concerning the influence of contact ratio at helical involute gears

2019 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Sorin Gabroveanu ◽  
Sorin Cananau ◽  
Radu-Florin Mirica
Keyword(s):  
Multibody Dynamics ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Contact Ratio ◽  
Face Width ◽  
The Face ◽  
Involute Gears ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Overlap Ratio

In the present paper some aspects of the influence of the overlap ratio of the gear set on its dynamic comportment was studied. In this aim, the values of angular acceleration of two helical involute gear sets having the same characteristics - excepting the face width - are determined. The study is performed using a software in the category of The Multibody Dynamics Simulation Solution for simulation the dynamic comportment for various width of the driven gear, at various torques and various angular velocities.

scholarly journals Contact Stresses and Bending stresses for Worm & Helical Gear

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11326-11328
Keyword(s):  
Contact Stress ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Helical Gear ◽  
Contact Stresses ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Face Width ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bending Stresses

Surface Strength of the gear tooth depends on the contact stress and the bending stress caused due to the applied load on the tip of its gear tooth. Analysis has become popular in decreasing the failures. Fatigue causes in the root bending stress and Surface indentation causes in the contact stress. Then modified Lewis beam strength is used for bending stress and the AGMA method is used for contact stresses by varying the face width. Analytical results are based on Lewis formula and the theoretical values were calculated by AGMA standard so the results were validated.

A study of generating principles and loading capacity for one torus involute gears

2016 ◽  
Vol 230 (19) ◽  
pp. 3528-3540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wei ◽  
Ai-Qiang Zhang ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang ◽  
Dong-Ming Zhou ◽  
Xue-bin Ru
Keyword(s):  
Contact Stress ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Transmission Performance ◽  
Tooth Contact Analysis ◽  
Involute Gears ◽  
Gear Geometry ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Gear geometry is critical to the transmission performance. It not only affects the relative motion characteristics, lubrication, efficiency, and loading capacity but also affects the noise and vibration, as well as working reliability of system. The generating principles of one kind of torus involute (TI) gears is presented in this paper. The mathematical model and profiles equation of torus involute gears are derived and the profiles equation and its parameters are proposed. The correct meshing condition and tooth contact analysis (TCA) are analyzed. The loading capacity including contact stress and bending stress, etc., are proposed after compared with cylindrical spur gears. One pair of TI gears is machined according to the generating principles. The analysis results show that the TI gears can reduce the contact stress efficiently and it can effectively improve the bending strength of convex involute gear while the bending strength of concave TI gears is not significantly affected.

Down Angle Gearboxes – Calculation and Manufacturing Innovation for Low Noise Beveloid Gears

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Fasterding ◽  
Hagen Birkholz
Keyword(s):  
Low Noise ◽  
Noise Emission ◽  
Gear Mesh ◽  
Face Width ◽  
Beveloid Gears ◽  
Local Stresses ◽  
The Face ◽  
Involute Gears ◽  
Efficient Planning ◽  
Gear Meshes

Conical involute gears, also known as beveloid gears, are used in marine gearboxes to provide an angle between the drive shaft and the output shaft. The axes of the beveloid gear meshes reviewed can be intersecting or skewed. Beveloid gears are a general case of spur gears with their virtual generating rack cutter tilted in the direction of feed. An appropriate variable addendum modification along the face width leads to conjugate flanks and therefore to tooth line contact. The elasticity of the gear mesh itself, the shafts, bearings and the gear housing cause deformations and deflections. Thus a tip relief at the generating tool in combination with flank modifications is applied to improve strength and transmission characteristics. Noise emission is reduced by comparing the level of dynamic excitation of different profile corrections. Strength calculations are done with local stresses, since there is no standardized nominal stress assessment. Theoretical evaluations are confirmed by prototype testing. This integrated designing procedure allows for an efficient planning and engineering for special beveloid gears. Several examples of application will be shown.

scholarly journals INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS ON THE FACE FOR EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
S. IVASCHENKO ◽  
◽  
O. KALYTA ◽  
O. BARMAK ◽  
T. SKRYPNYK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Network Module ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Characteristic Features

One of the ways to process an image presented in the form of a set of pixels, in order to further identify, classify the objects present on it is to display the specified set in the form of sets of certain features. Such features are not universal in nature, but rather significantly depend on the tasks under consideration. For certain classes of problems, such features (model) are selected that best allow the application of appropriate methods to solve the problem. The paper considers a class of problems for recognizing the emotional state on a person's face. In, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to detect emotions. CNN differs from multilayer perceptron (MLP) in that they have hidden layers called convolutional layers. The proposed method is based on a two-tier CNN system. At the first level, the background of the image is removed to better reflect emotions. A standard CNN network module is used to obtain the primary expression vector (EV). EV is formed by tracking the relevant important points of the face. EV is directly related to changes in facial expression. EV is obtained using a basic perceptron unit plotted on a face image with the background removed. In the proposed model at the last stage, there is a non-evolutionary perceptron layer. Each of the convoluted layers receives input data (images), converts them, and then takes them to the next level. After detecting a face, the CNN filter of the second part captures parts of the face, such as eyes, ears, lips, nose, and cheeks. The authors agree that the method has some limitations, and especially requires high computing power when setting up CNN. The technology of determination of characteristic features on the face for recognition of emotional manifestations is presented and experimentally investigated.

scholarly journals Determination of the Vertical Dimension and the Position of the Occlusal Plane in a Removable Prosthesis Using Cephalometric Analysis and Golden Proportion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6948
Author(s):  
Gabriele Cervino ◽  
Sergio Sambataro ◽  
Chiara Stumpo ◽  
Salvatore Bocchieri ◽  
Fausto Murabito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Occlusal Plane ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Lower Incisor ◽  
Golden Proportion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Removable Prosthesis ◽  
Edentulous Patients

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use and the effectiveness of cephalometry and golden proportions analysis of the face in planning prosthetic treatments in totally edentulous patients. In order to apply this method, latero-lateral and posterior-anterior X-rays must be performed in addition to the common procedure. Two main concerns for totally edentulous patients are the establishment of the vertical dimension and the new position of the occlusal plane. The divine proportion analysis was carried out by the use of a golden divider. The prosthetic protocol was divided into three steps and a case was selected for better understanding. Referring to the golden relations, if the distance from the chin to the wing of the nose is 1.0, the distance from the nose to eye is 0.618. This proportion is useful and effective in determining the correct prosthetic vertical dimension. The incisal margin of the lower incisor must be positioned between Point A (A) and protuberance menti (Pm) according to the gold ratio 0.618 of the total height A-Pm. Posteriorly the occlusal plane must be placed 2 mm below the divine occlusal plane (traced from the incisal margin of lower incisors to Xi point). A prosthesis made in accordance with cephalometric parameters and divine proportions of the face helps to improve the patient’s aesthetics, function and social personality.

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