Critical Structures of Metal Destruction Under the Process of Wear

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. I. Garbar
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Metal Structure ◽  
Wear Intensity ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Critical Structure

Resistance to wear is determined by the ability of the metal structure to change in such a way that it can withstand friction stresses. The structure of surface layers which have undergone wear can be identified as a “critical” structure. This is where destruction takes place. To study the surface structure specimens of low-carbon steel, aluminum and copper were subjected to wear tests and then investigated by X-ray. Under certain test conditions it was found that the changes in the surface layer structure, evidenced by the structural broadening of diffraction lines, reach a maximum level. The tests showed that as one progresses from mild wear to harsher friction conditions and correspondingly higher wear intensity, the structural broadening of the diffraction lines is first increased but than reduced. The results show that under low and moderate wear conditions, the structure of the surface layers is changed by the friction process, the surface layers being hardened by fragmentation. The level of metal hardening corresponds to the friction stresses that occur in the surface layers, and reaches a maximum when the fragment dimensions are minimal. As the friction conditions become more severe, the critical structure of the metal approaches the initial conditions, and therefore its strength is less than that of the hardened structure formed under moderate wear conditions. Such results can be explained by the difference in the rates of the plastic deformation and of plastic relaxation processes. Therefore, the critical structure under the process of wear depends on the friction conditions. To put the mechanical properties of the material to best use, one should choose optimal friction and wear conditions so that the metal will be hardened as much as possible. [S0742-4787(00)04801-3]

Green Corrosion Inhibitor of Low Carbon Steel in Acidic Media by Pectin Nanoparticles Using Potentiostatic and Weight Losses Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 1021 ◽  
pp. 241-250
Author(s):  
Basheer A. Abdulhessein ◽  
Alaa Mashjel Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Acidic Media ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Green Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Film Development

In the present work, corrosion inhibition of low carbon steel in a 1M H2SO4 solution by pectin nanoparticles extract was studied by potentiostatic and weight loss methods. Increasing the acid concentration leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of the electrode. The variable conditions of the pectin nanoparticles used in this investigation are (2 to 10g/l at 25oC). It was found that the concentrates acts as a compelling consumption inhibitor for gentle steel in an acidic medium. The hindrance process is credited to the adsorbed film development of the inhibitor on the metal surface of that protects the metal against corrosion. It was observed that the efficiency of the inhibition rose with increased inhibitor concentration up to the maximum level of 92% for 10 g/l at 25 oC. The results showed that the corrosion rate without the inhibitor was 2.263mpy while with the inhibitor 0.179 mpy, meaning that the rate of corrosion improved more than 90%. The results of the immersion time (1 h) at 25oC on the inhibition of the corrosion also indicated improved corrosion resistance. The results demonstrated that an extract of pectin nanoparticles could serve as an excellent eco-friendly, green corrosion inhibitor. Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate that these nanoparticles contain various chemical bonds (C-C, CH2, C-O-C, and cellulose) with metal surfaces, lead to producing a barrier layer that protects the surface.

The Influence of Critical Turning Point of Argon Flowrate Ascension on Decarburization Rate of RH Treatment for Ultra-Low Carbon Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1025-1030
Author(s):  
Chong Wei Li ◽  
Guo Guang Cheng ◽  
Ai Min Cui
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Bubble Surface ◽  
Droplet Surface ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Decarburization Rate ◽  
Argon Gas ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
Ultra Low Carbon Steel

Through the mathematical model of RH vacuum decarburization, the decarburization mechanism of argon gas bubble surface was studied. By the RH equipment of Shougang Qian’an Iron and Steel Co. Ltd for background, the calculated results of this model showed that the decarburization quantity of argon gas bubble surface was about 8% that of overall decarburization. In the initial conditions was constant, the ascension of argon flowrate will promote the decarburization quantity of argon gas bubble surface, free surface and splash droplet surface as well as reducing the decarburization quantity of internal liquid steel decarburization. Based on the commercial production data, it was found the best opportunity of ascension blow argon flowrate to acquire lower carbon content in relatively shorter time.

Effect of Electrolytic-Plasma Carbonitriding on Structure and Microhardness of Low Carbon Steel 18CrNi3Mo

2013 ◽  
Vol 379 ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Mazhyn Skakov ◽  
Lyaila Bayatanova ◽  
Michael Sсheffler
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Steel Sample ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gradient Layer ◽  
Modified Layer

In this paper modified gradient layer was under research, the resulting electrolytic-plasma carbonitriding of low carbon steel 18CrNi3Mo surface was investigated. Aiming to improve the structure and strength properties of the layer, the possibility of application have been shown. Plasma carbonitriding optimized mode is presented as well. Regime of electrolyte plasma carbonitriding which consists in heating the steel sample to 8500C with aggregate exposure at this temperature for 3-7 min. and quenching in cold electrolyte has been optimized. We studied the processes of modified layer structure formation under different conditions

The Numerical Analysis of Residual Stresses in Surface Layers Deposited by Brush-Plating Method

2006 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-437
Author(s):  
D A Golański ◽  
J Grześ
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
Residual Stress State ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
Brush Plating

The brush-plating method utilizes the galvanic approach to deposit surface layers onto the metallic and non-metallic substrates. One of the difficulties related to this process is the problem of layer delamination by an unfavourable residual stress state. The residual stresses play an important role in the process of surface layer deposition and during subsequent service life. This paper presents the results of the FEM analysis of residual stresses in surface layers produced by the brush-plating method. The Cu, (Cu + Al2O3), Ni, (Ni + Al2O3) materials in the form of composites and continuous layers deposited on low-carbon steel were analysed and compared.

scholarly journals Bonding of Si chips to low carbon steel boards using electroplated Sn solder

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-216
Author(s):  
Shou-Jen Hsu ◽  
Chin C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Bonding Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Military ◽  
Steel Substrates

Purpose The purpose of this research was to develop a new process to bond silicon (Si) chips to low carbon steel substrates using pure tin (Sn) without any flux. Design/methodology/approach Iron (Fe) substrates were first electroplated with a Sn layer, followed by a thin silver (Ag) layer that inhibits Sn oxidation thereafter. It is this Ag capping layer that makes the fluxless feature possible. Fluxless processes are more environmentally friendly and more likely to produce joints without voids. The Si chips were deposited with Cr/Au dual layer structure. The bonding process was performed at 240°C in vacuum. The Sn joint thickness was controlled by spacers during the bonding. Scanning electron microscopy images on cross sections exhibited quality joints without visible voids. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis was used to detect joint compositions. Findings It was revealed that the Sn layer was bonded to a Si chip at the Cr–Sn interface and to the Fe substrate by forming an FeSn2 intermetallic compound (IMC). The IMC is only 1.1 to 1.5 µm in thickness. Thin IMC is highly preferred because IMC deforms a little in accommodating the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between Si and Fe. Shear test results showed that the fracture forces of the samples passed the military criteria by a wide margin. Originality/value This new fluxless bonding process on Fe should make Fe or low carbon steel a more likely choice of materials in optical modules and electronic packages.

Design and Application of the Stretching Technology on the Welding Process of Stiffened Sheet Metal Structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 493 ◽  
pp. 541-545
Author(s):  
Heru Sukanto ◽  
Triyono ◽  
Nurul Muhayat
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Metal Structure ◽  
Welding Distortion ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Study Results

Stiffened sheet metal structure where sheet metal is reinforced by frame has been claimed as the most effective structure because it has low volume and weight. It is generally applied to large car body structure such as bus and train body. Frame and sheet are commonly joined by welding process. Due to the local heating of welding, distortion or deformation will occur in this structure. To mitigate this distortion, new method called stretching technology was proposed in this work. In this method, sheet was stretched to certain pre-strain, kept in this condition and then welded to frame. Special equipment powered by hidroulic system was designed to support this method. Low carbon steel SPAC specimens with dimension of 400mm, 1824mm and 3mm in width, length and thick respectively were prepared to evaluate the method. Hidroulic power was controlled to meet the sheet pre-strain variations of 0.00%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15%. The distortion of the specimen was measured by dial indicator with mesh point of 50mm and shown in 2D contour chart. The study results revealed that the welding process on the sheet without pre-strain had the highest distortion of 8.34mm while that with pre-strain of 0.05% provided the lowest distortion of 3,3mm or 60% lower than without pre-strain specimen. The pre-strain of 0.10% and 0.15% produced the sheet distortion of 7.05mm and 7.9mm respectively. The excessive pre-strain was an ineffective method to mitigate the welding distortion because the reverse tension force of sheet would destroy the weld joint when the hydraulic force was released.

Study of microstructure of surface layers of low-carbon steel after turning and ultrasonic finishing

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh. G. Kovalevskaya ◽  
Yu. F. Ivanov ◽  
O. B. Perevalova ◽  
V. A. Klimenov ◽  
P. V. Uvarkin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Surface Layers

Anodic Plasma Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of Low-Carbon Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 704 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel N. Belkin ◽  
Sergei A. Kusmanov ◽  
Alexander Naumov ◽  
Yulia Parkaeva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Plasma Nitrocarburizing ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic ◽  
Plasma Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing

Alternating surface oxide and hardened layers were fabricated by means of anodic plasma nitrocarburizing of low-carbon steel in aqueous ammonium chloride/carbamide solutions. The effect of electrolyte composition and treatment conditions on the phase characteristics, structure and properties of the surface layers was studied. The distributions of hardness, phase and structure composition of the surface layers were defined. Controllability of diffusion saturation with nitrogen and carbon by variation of electrolyte composition and treatment temperature was shown. The formation of nitrogen and carbon, which are diffusing into the steel surface at anodic plasma electrolytic nitrocarburizing was described.

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