scholarly journals Applying ASTM Standards to Tensile Tests of Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue: Methods to Reduce Grip Failures and Promote Reproducibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison E. Wale ◽  
Derek Q. Nesbitt ◽  
Bradley S. Henderson ◽  
Clare K. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Jaremy J. Creechley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Test Standards

Abstract Tensile testing is an essential experiment to assess the mechanical integrity of musculoskeletal soft tissues, yet standard test methods have not been developed to ensure the quality and reproducibility of these experiments. The ASTM International standards organization has created tensile test standards for common industry materials that specify geometric dimensions of test specimens (coupons) that promote valid failures within the gage section (midsubstance), away from the grips. This study examined whether ASTM test standards for plastics, elastomers, and fiber-reinforced composites are suitable for tensile testing of bovine meniscus along the circumferential fiber direction. We found that dumbbell (DB) shaped coupons based on ASTM standards for elastomers and plastics had an 80% and 60% rate of midsubstance failures, respectively. The rate of midsubstance failures dropped to 20% when using straight (ST) coupons based on ASTM standards for fiber-reinforced composites. The mechanical properties of dumbbell shaped coupons were also significantly greater than straight coupons. Finite element models of the test coupons revealed stress distributions that supported our experimental findings. In addition, we found that a commercial deli-slicer was able to slice meniscus to uniform layer thicknesses that were within ASTM dimensional tolerances. This study provides methods, recommendations, and insights that can advance the standardization of tensile testing in meniscus and other soft fibrous tissues.

Tensile Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

2004 ◽  
pp. 183-193
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Inherent Anisotropy ◽  
Advanced Composite Materials

Abstract The characterization of engineering properties is a complex issue for fiber-reinforced composites due to their inherent anisotropy and inhomogeneity. In terms of mechanical properties, advanced composite materials are evaluated by a number of specially designed test methods. This chapter is limited to tensile property test methods. It presents the fundamentals of tensile testing of composite materials. The chapter focuses on tensile testing of laminates and constituent materials, namely, single filaments and tows (untwisted bundles of continuous filaments). It briefly discusses the most common tensile test methods that have been standardized for fiber-reinforced composite materials. The chapter presents the calculations of strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio for both polymeric-matrix and metal-matrix composites. It discusses the application of tensile tests to design.

scholarly journals A computational modeling approach based on random fields for short fiber-reinforced composites with experimental verification by nanoindentation and tensile tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Rauter
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Correlation Functions ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Random Fields ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Component Level

AbstractIn this study a modeling approach for short fiber-reinforced composites is presented which allows one to consider information from the microstructure of the compound while modeling on the component level. The proposed technique is based on the determination of correlation functions by the moving window method. Using these correlation functions random fields are generated by the Karhunen–Loève expansion. Linear elastic numerical simulations are conducted on the mesoscale and component level based on the probabilistic characteristics of the microstructure derived from a two-dimensional micrograph. The experimental validation by nanoindentation on the mesoscale shows good conformity with the numerical simulations. For the numerical modeling on the component level the comparison of experimentally obtained Young’s modulus by tensile tests with numerical simulations indicate that the presented approach requires three-dimensional information of the probabilistic characteristics of the microstructure. Using this information not only the overall material properties are approximated sufficiently, but also the local distribution of the material properties shows the same trend as the results of conducted tensile tests.

Dynamic Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composites Under Multiaxial Compression

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Oguni ◽  
G. Ravichandran
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Kink Band ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Band Formation ◽  
Multiaxial Compression ◽  
Axial Splitting

Abstract Results from an experimental investigation on the mechanical behavior of a unidirectional reinforced polymer composite with 50% volume fraction E-glass/vinylester under uniaxial and proportional multiaxial compression are presented. Specimens are loaded in the fiber direction using a servo-hydraulic material testing system for low strain rates and a Kolsky (split Hopkinson) pressure bar for high strain rates, up to 3000 s−1. The results indicate that the compressive strength of the composite increases with increasing levels of confinement and increasing strain rates. Post-test optical and scanning electron microscopy is used to identify the failure modes. The failure mode that is observed in unconfined specimen is axial splitting followed by fiber kink band formation. At high levels of confinement, the failure mode transitions from axial splitting to kink band formation and fiber failure. Also, a new energy based analytic model for studying axial splitting phenomenon in unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites is presented.

scholarly journals Micromechanical evaluation of failure models for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-800
Author(s):  
Azam Arefi ◽  
Frans P van der Meer ◽  
Mohammad Reza Forouzan ◽  
Mohammad Silani ◽  
Mahmoud Salimi
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Material ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Failure Criteria ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Stress States

In this paper, micromechanical simulations are employed to evaluate the performance of the Tsai–Wu and Hashin failure criteria for fiber-reinforced composites, especially in stress states whose experimental reproduction is complicated. Micromechanical responses are generated using a finite element model of a representative volume element, in which only the matrix material experiences damage and the fibers are assumed to be elastic. Micromechanical simulations of basic load cases are used to calibrate macrolevel criteria. Finally, the response of the micromodel and macromodels is compared for various load combinations. Despite a good agreement between Tsai–Wu criterion predictions and micromodel results in a wide range of stress states, some stress combinations are highlighted for which the strength is not predicted accurately. Additionally, accuracy of the Hashin criterion suffers from ignoring the influence of stress in fiber direction on matrix failure.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites filled with hollow spheres: A micromechanics approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832094964
Author(s):  
Mojde Biarjemandi ◽  
Ehsan Etemadi ◽  
Mojtaba Lezgy-Nazargah
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Hollow Spheres ◽  
Matrix Phase ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
The Matrix

Recent researches show that the embedment of hollow spheres in the matrix phase of composite materials improves the strength of these structures against crack propagations. Rare studies are reported for calculating equivalent elastic constants of fiber reinforced composites containing hollow spheres. In this paper, the effects of hollow spheres on mechanical characteristics of fiber reinforced composite are studied for the first time. To achieve this aim, a micromechanics based finite element method is employed. Representative volume elements (RVEs) including hollow spheres with different radius, thickness and volume fraction of hollow spheres, are modeled by using 3D finite elements. The equivalent elastic constants are calculated through homogenization technique. The results are compared with available experimental works. Good agreements find between two sets of results. Also, the volume fraction, number and thickness of hollow spheres as effective parameters on mechanical properties of composite were investigated. The results show the equivalent elastic properties increase with increasing the volume fraction and number of hollow spheres and decrease with increasing the number of hollow spheres. Furthermore, the equivalent Young’s modulus in transverse directions to the fiber direction and shear modulus of the composite increase with increasing the thickness of hollow spheres. As a final result, the presence of hollow spheres in the matrix phase generally increases the equivalent elastic constants without significant changes in the weight of structures.

scholarly journals An Energy-Based Model of Longitudinal Splitting in Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Composites

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Oguni ◽  
G. Ravichandran
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Effective Properties ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Unidirectional Fiber ◽  
Longitudinal Splitting

Unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites are often observed to fail in a longitudinal splitting mode in the fiber direction under far-field compressive loading with weak lateral confinement. An energy-based model is developed based on the principle of minimum potential energy and the evaluation of effective properties to obtain an analytical approximation to the critical stress for longitudinal splitting. The analytic estimate for the compressive strength is used to illustrate its dependence on material properties, surface energy, fiber volume fraction, fiber diameter, and lateral confining pressure. The predictions of the model show good agreement with available experimental data. [S0021-8936(00)02003-1]

scholarly journals Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Krauklis ◽  
Abedin Gagani ◽  
Andreas Echtermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Matrix Polymer ◽  
Hygroscopic Swelling ◽  
The Matrix

Swelling in fiber-reinforced composites is anisotropic. In this work, dealing with glass fiber epoxy composite immersed in distilled water, swelling coefficients are obtained in each direction experimentally. Swelling behaviour in the fiber direction was constrained by the non-swelling fibers and was close to null, while swelling in the transverse directions was found to occur freely—similar to the unconstrained polymer. An analytical method for predicting anisotropic swelling in composites from the swelling of the matrix polymer is reported in this work. The method has an advantage that it is simple to use in practice and requires only a swelling coefficient of the matrix polymer, elastic constants of the matrix and fibers, and a known fiber volume fraction of the composite. The method was validated using finite element analysis. Good agreement was obtained and is reported between experimental hygroscopic swelling data, analytical and numerical results for composite laminates, indicating the validity of this predictive approach.

scholarly journals Copper and Nickel Coating of Carbon Fiber for Thermally and Electrically Conductive Fiber Reinforced Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Bard ◽  
Florian Schönl ◽  
Martin Demleitner ◽  
Volker Altstädt
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Coated Fiber

In this paper, the thermal and electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composites produced from nickel- and copper-coated carbon fibers compared to uncoated fibers are presented. The carbon fibers were processed by our prepreg line and cured to laminates. In the fiber direction, the thermal conductivity doubled from ~3 W/mK for the uncoated fiber, to ~6 W/mK for the nickel, and increased six times to ~20 W/mK for the copper-coated fiber for a fiber volume content of ~50 vol %. Transverse to the fiber, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.6 W/mK (uncoated fiber) to 0.9 W/mK (nickel) and 2.9 W/mK (copper) at the same fiber content. In addition, the electrical conductivity could be enhanced to up to ~1500 S/m with the use of the nickel-coated fiber. We showed that the flexural strength and modulus were in the range of the uncoated fibers, which offers the possibility to use them for lightning strike protection, for heatsinks in electronics or other structural heat transfer elements.

Study on the Subsurface Damages of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 691-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Ma ◽  
Xiang Long Zhu ◽  
Ren Ke Kang ◽  
Zhi Gang Dong ◽  
S. Q. Zou
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Direction ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Glass Composite ◽  
Waterjet Cutting ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Cutting Surface

The machining methods such as waterjet cutting, milling, grinding, lapping, etc. are usually used to manufacture glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs) parts. Damages will be produced unavoidably in the machining process, no matter which machining method is employed. Subsurface damage is one of the important parameters to evaluate the surface layer damages. The detection method for the subsurface damages of glass fiber reinforced glass matrix (glass/glass) composite after machining is researched. The characteristics of subsurface damages of glass/glass composite after waterjet cutting, milling, grinding and lapping are investigated mainly, when the fiber direction is either perpendicular or parallel to the cutting surface.

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