Compatibility of Ionic Liquid With Glycerol Monooleate and Molybdenum Dithiocarbamate as Additives in Bio-Based Lubricant

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Z. Syahir ◽  
M. H. Harith ◽  
N. W. M. Zulkifli ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
M. A. Kalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Antiwear Additives ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Glycerol Monooleate ◽  
Rsm Technique ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract This study reports the tribological characteristics of trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) additivated with antifriction and antiwear additives, which are ionic liquid (IL), glycerol monooleate (GMO), and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC). In addition, to obtain the ideal composition that results in the minimal coefficient of friction (COF), optimization tool was employed using response surface methodology (RSM) technique with the Box–Behnken design. The IL used in this study was a phosphorus-type IL, namely trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, [P14,6,6,6][TMPP]. The resulting COF and worn surface morphology were investigated using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) tribotester and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), respectively. From the experimental results, a second-order polynomial mathematical model was constructed and able to statistically predict the resulting COF. The optimized values that resulted in the lowest average COF of 0.0458 were as follows: 0.93 wt% IL, 1.49 wt% GMO, and 0.52 wt% MoDTC. The addition of IL into neat base oil managed to reduce the COF, while the combination of IL, GMO, and MoDTC at optimum concentration further reduced the average COF and wear as observed through SEM micrographs when compared with those of additive-free TMPTO, suggesting that GMO and MoDTC were compatible to be used with IL.

scholarly journals Tribological behavior of oils additised with a phosphonium-derived ionic liquid compared to a commercial oil

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Bartolomé Sáez ◽  
Antolin E. Hernández Battez ◽  
Jorge Espina Casado ◽  
José L. Viesca Rodríguez ◽  
Alfonso Fernández-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Antiwear Additives ◽  
Stribeck Curve ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Base Oils ◽  
Antiwear Properties ◽  
Commercial Oil

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the antifriction, antiwear and tribolayer formation properties of the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate ionic liquid (IL) as additive at 1 wt.% in two base oils and their mixtures, comparing the results with those of a commercial oil. Design/methodology/approach The mixture of the base oils used in the formulation of the commercial oil SAE 0W20 plus the IL was tested under rolling/sliding and reciprocating conditions to determine the so-called Stribeck curve, the tribolayer formation and the antifriction and antiwear behaviors. Findings The use of this IL as additive in these oils does not change their viscosity; improves the antifriction and antiwear properties of the base oils, making equal or outperforming these properties of the SAE 0W20; and the thickness and formation rate of the tribolayer resulting from the IL-surface interaction is highly dependent on the type of base oil and influence on the friction and wear results. Originality/value The use of this IL allows to replace partial or totally commercial antifriction and antiwear additives. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-05-2020-0179/

Synergistic Effect Between Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquid and Three Oxide Nanoparticles as Hybrid Lubricant Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Upendra ◽  
V. Vasu
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Sio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Lubricant Additive ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Cuo Nps ◽  
Worn Surface ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Mineral Base

Abstract The tribological properties of ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate along with Al2O3, CuO, and SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been investigated as a lubricant additive in a group 1 mineral base oil. About 0.5 wt% concentration of additives were added in base oil, and tribological tests were conducted at mild (stipulated) and severe (ASTM D 4172D) working conditions to assess the synergy between IL and NPs. This study shows the excellent synergy between IL, Al2O3, and CuO NPs in improving tribological and extreme pressure (EP) properties. Al2O3 and CuO hybrid nanolubricants decreased friction by 19% and 24%, whereas wear by 32% and 36%, respectively, at ASTM test conditions. IL displayed very good EP properties with a total improvement of 19%, and the highest load-bearing capacity was observed for Al2O3 and CuO hybrid nanolubricants with an improvement of 30% and 34%, respectively. No conclusive evidence of synergy has been observed between IL and SiO2 NPs. Surface characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and Raman spectra, demonstrated the formation of a tribofilm rich in phosphate and tribosintered NPs on the worn surface responsible for improved triboperformances.

scholarly journals MODIFICATION OF THE RECOVERED LOW- GRADE FAT TO FORMULATE ECO-FRIENDLY LUBRICANT GREASE

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
M. A. HABIB
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Lithium Soap ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Iodine Values ◽  
The Ideal

This study presents utilization of the inedible by-product fat of the municipal massacres to formulate bio-based lubricant grease. Inedible animal fat of acceptable quality has been recovered through the wet rendering process. The recovered fat was sterilized and bleached using 200 ppm chlorine dioxide solutions. The acceptable saponification and iodine values of the fat emphasize that it can be used in the chemical industry as an oleochemical resource. The fat was fractionalized into two fractions; stearic and oleic. The lithium soap of the stearic fraction was employed as a thickener and the oleic fraction has been adapted for use as base oil, depending on its proportion of combination compared to the thickener. It was found that the ideal composition of the formulated bio-grease is 15-20 % thickener to 85-80 % base oil. The performance testing shows that the formulated grease has NGLI ranges between 2- 3. The grease can be utilized as a lubricant agent in machinery and gears with an acceptable lubricating performance.

From Structure Topology to Chemical Composition. XXIX. Revision of the Crystal Structure of Perraultite, NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, a Seidozerite-Supergroup TS-Block Mineral from the Oktyabr'skii Massif, Ukraine, and Discreditation of Surkhobite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Sokolova ◽  
Maxwell C. Day ◽  
Frank C. Hawthorne ◽  
Atali A. Agakhanov ◽  
Fernando Cámara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Titanium Silicate ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Structure Topology ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Cation Sites ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT The crystal structure of perraultite from the Oktyabr'skii massif, Donetsk region, Ukraine (bafertisite group, seidozerite supergroup), ideally NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F, Z = 4, was refined in space group C to R1 = 2.08% on the basis of 4839 unique reflections [Fo > 4σFo]; a = 10.741(6), b = 13.841(8), c = 11.079(6) Å, α = 108.174(6), β = 99.186(6), γ = 89.99(1)°, V = 1542.7(2.7) Å3. Refinement was done using data from a crystal with three twin domains which was part of a grain used for electron probe microanalysis. In the perraultite structure [structure type B1(BG), B – basic, BG – bafertisite group], there is one type of TS (Titanium-Silicate) block and one type of I (Intermediate) block; they alternate along c. The TS block consists of HOH sheets (H – heteropolyhedral, O – octahedral). In the O sheet, the ideal composition of the five [6]MO sites is Mn4 apfu. There is no order of Mn and Fe2+ in the O sheet. The MH octahedra and Si2O7 groups constitute the H sheet. The ideal composition of the two [6]MH sites is Ti2 apfu. The TS blocks link via common vertices of MH octahedra. The I block contains AP(1,2) and BP(1,2) cation sites. The AP(1) site is occupied by Ba and the AP(2) site by K > Ba; the ideal composition of the AP(1,2) sites is Ba apfu. The BP(1) and BP(2) sites are each occupied by Na > Ca; the ideal composition of the BP(1,2) sites is Na apfu. We compare perraultite and surkhobite based on the work of Sokolova et al. (2020) on the holotype sample of surkhobite: space group C , R1 = 2.85 %, a = 10.728(6), b = 13.845(8), c = 11.072(6) Å, α = 108.185(6), β = 99.219(5), γ = 90.001(8)°, V = 1540.0(2.5) Å3; new EPMA data. We show that (1) perraultite and surkhobite have identical chemical composition and ideal formula NaBaMn4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F; (2) perraultite and surkhobite are isostructural, with no order of Na and Ca at the BP(1,2) sites. Perraultite was described in 1991 and has precedence over surkhobite, which was redefined as “a Ca-ordered analogue of perraultite” in 2008. Surkhobite is not a valid mineral species and its discreditation was approved by CNMNC IMA (IMA 20-A).

Thermo-physical and tribological characteristics of ionic liquid-based rice bran oil as green cutting fluid

2021 ◽  
pp. 135065012110461
Author(s):  
Aswani K Singh ◽  
Varun Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Alkyl Chain ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Alkyl Chain Length ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Cutting Fluids ◽  
Base Oil

During machining, the cutting fluids play an essential role in cooling and lubrication. In order to reduce the friction forces, the excessive amount of the cutting fluids are generally used. This, in turn, leads to wastage of the cutting fluids which results in a serious impact on the environment, health and cost of production. Therefore, the judicious use of lubricants is the foremost concern in the manufacturing industry. In order to mitigate these drawbacks, various alternatives have been developed in the last decade. In the present paper, ionic liquids have been proved as favourable sustainable alternative additives in the base oil. The effect of alkyl chain length of ionic liquids with base oil on the thermo-physical and tribological characteristics of cutting fluids including viscosity, wettability, anticorrosion behaviour, thermal stability, and coefficient of friction have been analysed. In the present study, pyrrolidinium and hexafluoro-phosphate (PF6) have been used as cation and anion, respectively, with rice bran oil as base oil. The five different ionic liquids have been dispersed in base oil by 1.0 wt%. It has been found that longer alkyl chain length showed the favourable results as compared to the shorter one. Results indicated that ionic liquid based cutting fluid attained ample enhanced thermophysical and tribological properties as compared to the neat rice bran oil. There has been 5.08% and 4.29% improvement in viscosity and thermal conductivity for IL4 + RBO in comparison to neat RBO. In addition, the wettability, coefficient of friction, and wear volume have been reduced by 20.34%, 53.79% and 57.87% correspondingly.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF FLY ASH AS AN ADDITIVE PORTLAND COMPOSITE CEMENT (PCC)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leni Rumiyanti ◽  
Listiani Listiani ◽  
Tika Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
Composite Cement ◽  
Ideal Composition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Ideal

Research has been carried out on the optimization of the use of Lahat Fly Ash as an Additive Portland Composite Cement (PCC) which aims to determine the optimum conditions for adding Lahat fly ash to produce cement with physical and chemical requirements in accordance with SNI 7064:2014 and discover the ideal composition of cement with fly additions Lahat ash from various cement compositions. The quality analysis in making PCC cement is chemically in the form of Insoluble Residue (IR), Loss of Ignition (LOI), and free lime (FCaO) as well as the quality of physics in the form of Blaine, setting time, and cement mortar compressive strength. The results obtained after the process of making PCC cement with the addition of 14% Lahat fly ash, namely PCC cement in optimum conditions with physical and chemical requirements in accordance with SNI 7064: 2014 where the ideal composition of PCC cement manufacture is 14% Lahat fly ash, clinker 62%, 3% gypsum, 18% limestone, and 3% pozzolans in making PCC cement. Therefore, Lahat fly ash can be used as an alternative mixture in making PCC cement.

A Novel Application of Refinery Merox Unit Wastewater for Bovine Hide Unhairing

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
Asgarifard Pourya ◽  
Tafreshi Navid ◽  
Sharifi Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Process Time ◽  
P Value ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Tanning Process ◽  
Bovine Hide

Unhairing is one of the major steps of the leather tanning process which removes the hairs, epidermis and to some degree inter-fibrillary proteins. This process needs high amounts of chemicals that cause environmental difficulties. On the other hand, these chemicals are available in the wastewater of the Merox unit of Kermanshah Refinery. For reducing chemical consumption and decreasing environment pollution, we used the aforementioned wastewater for bovine unhairing. A unhairing liquor was prepared in order to unhair skins and different parameters such as the concentration of CaCO3 and Na2S, process time, and temperature were considered to evaluate their impact on the unhairing process and to obtain optimum condition. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was applied to model the unhairing efficiency in terms of four independent variables. A second-order polynomial equation was suggested to predict the response with high certainty. ANOVA revealed the validity and importance of that model by P-value of < 0.0001, large F-values, and, R2 of 98.8. The maximum unhairing efficiency of about 98.5 % was obtained under the optimum condition of 1.7 wt% Na2S, 5.8 wt% CaCO3, 114 min process time and 29.5 ºC.

Effects of soaking in water, base oil, ionic liquid and grease of an epoxy/UHMWPE/MoS2 composite on mechanical and tribological properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Neha Singh ◽  
Sujeet K Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Polar Liquids ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Liquid Absorption ◽  
Wear Life ◽  
Water Base ◽  
Ultra High Molecular Weight

Abstract Liquid absorption and tribological studies of epoxy-based composite with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and MoS2, sliding against steel were conducted. Composites, as coating and as a bulk, were soaked in water, base oil, ionic liquid and lithium-based grease for different intervals of days or months. Liquid weight% gain was more in polar liquids when compared to non-polar. Coated composite soaked in grease for 10 days showed coefficient of friction of 0.08 with wear-life of more than 1 million cycles and wear rate of 1.7×10−8 mm3/Nm. Bulk polymer composite soaked in grease for 180 days provided the least coefficient of friction of 0.06 and specific wear rate of 2.60×10−7 mm3/Nm.

scholarly journals On the Crystallinity and Durability of ZDDP Tribofilm

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao Ueda ◽  
Amir Kadiric ◽  
Hugh Spikes
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Antiwear Additives ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Lower Viscosity

Abstract The current trend for using lower-viscosity lubricants with the aim of improving fuel economy of mechanical systems means that machine components are required to operate for longer periods in thin oil film, mixed lubrication conditions, where the risk of surface damage is increased. Consequently, the performance and durability of the tribofilms formed by antiwear additives, and in particular zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), the main antiwear oil additive used in engine oils, has become an increasingly important issue. In this paper, it is confirmed that ZDDP tribofilms are initially relatively easily removed by rubbing but that they become more durable during prolonged rubbing. FIB-TEM analyses at different stages of tribofilm formation show that during the early stages of rubbing only the tribofilm close to the steel substrate is nanocrystalline, while the outer region is amorphous and easily removed. However, after prolonged rubbing all regions of the tribofilm become nanocrystalline and able to withstand rubbing in base oil without being removed. XPS analysis shows that after extended rubbing the outermost polyphosphate structures change from longer-chain structures such as metaphosphate and polyphosphate to shorter-chain structures including orthophosphate. This depolymerization of ZDDP tribofilm from long- to short-chain phosphate and consequent nanocrystallization are driven by heat and shear stress. EDX analysis shows that this conversion is promoted by diffusion of Fe cation into the bulk of the tribofilm. The finding that ZDDP tribofilms evolve during rubbing from a weaker amorphous structure to a more durable nanocrystalline one has important implications in terms of the behaviour of ZDDPs at low concentrations, on non-metallic surfaces and at very high contact pressures, as well as for the development of ZDDP tribofilm, friction and wear models.

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