Drowsiness Detection With Electrooculography Signal Using a System Dynamics Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Chen ◽  
Zheren Ma ◽  
Brandon C. Li ◽  
Zeyu Yan ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Classifier Training

The electrooculography (EOG) signal is considered most suitable for drowsiness detection. Besides its simplicity and low cost, EOG signals are not affected by environmental factors such as light intensity and driver movement. However, existing EOG-based drowsiness detection techniques employ arbitrarily chosen features for classifier training, leading to results that are less robust against changes in the measurement method, noise level, and individual subject variability. In this study, we propose a system dynamics-based approach to drowsiness detection. The EOG signal is treated as a neurophysiological response of the oculomotor system. Each blink action is considered as a result of a series of neuron firing impulses entering the system. Blink signatures are thus extracted to identify the system transfer function, from which system poles are computed to characterize the drowsiness state of the subject. It was found that the location of system poles on the pole–zero map for blink signatures from an alert state was distinctly different from those from a drowsy state. A simple criterion was subsequently developed for drowsiness detection by counting the ratio of real and complex poles of the system over any given period of time. The proposed methodology is a systematic approach and does not require extensive classifier training. It is robust against variations in the subject condition, sensor placement, noise level, and blink rate.

An Improved Passive Anti-Islanding Technique for Distributed-Generation Photovoltaic Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 433-435 ◽  
pp. 995-999
Author(s):  
Shao Ru Zhang ◽  
Shao Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Phase Variation ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Detection Zone ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Grid Connected Inverter ◽  
Passive Techniques

Islanding detection techniques for DGPV are employed in order to determine the status of the electrical grid. In fact, the grid-connected inverter must be stopped once the islanding operating mode is detected according to standards and grid-code limits. Passive anti-islanding techniques monitor grid parameters to detect islanding. One advantage of passive techniques is a lower THD injected into the grid by active techniques. Thus, passive techniques were studied and an improved passive detection technique was proposed in this paper. The ratio of phase variation and the voltage variation at the point of common coupling (PCC) was adopted to detect islanding. In addition, this method combined with the under/over voltage detection and the under/over frequency detection. Then, the proposed technique not only has the merit of low cost and easy to operate, but also has multiple judgment and high reliability. The simulation results under Matlab/Simulink show that the proposed technique is very effective in reducing the non-detection zone and that the islanding operation can be detected more rapidly and effectively than traditional passive techniques, and that it can not misjudge when the load reduce suddenly.

DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION OF STRUCTURED MICROWAVE ABSORBER BASED ON CONDUCTIVE ABS 3D PRINTING FILAMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431
Author(s):  
M. B. Abdullahi ◽  
M. H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Microwave Absorber ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Geometrical Structures ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

Electromagnetic absorbing materials with broadband, lightweight, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive characteristics attracts extensive research interest recently, due to rapid advancement in radar detection techniques and communication devices. Three-dimensional printing is being employed to realize cost-effective structured electromagnetic absorbers that has lately become a common practice of improving radar stealth performance and shielding effectiveness. Structured absorbers permit realization of desired absorption characteristics by careful design of their geometrical structures. In this study, a two-layer structured microwave absorber using conductive ABS polymer is simulated. COMSOL Multiphysics environment is used to investigate the absorption characteristics of the designed structure. Under normal incidence, simulation results revealed at least 90% of absorption from 7.2 GHz to 18.0 GHz for both Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarizations. Oblique incidence results for TE polarization indicate that the absorption rate is more than 90% in the whole range of 7.2–18 GHz frequency band up to 450 while the absorption rate is more than 80% for 600 incident waves. The absorption rate is more than 90% in the 7.2-18 GHz range for oblique incidences of up to 300 only for TM polarization, but greater than 70% at 450 incident angles. Additionally, the designed absorber is independent of the polarization of the incident wave. As a result of the exhibited favourable absorption characteristics, the studied absorber provides great potentials for its experimentation and practicability using the low-cost 3D printing manufacturing process

Teaching Wireless Network Fundamentals Using Low-Cost Wi-Fi Devices

2016 ◽  
pp. 281-299
Author(s):  
Nurul I. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Network ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wireless Networking ◽  
Traditional Lecture ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up

Teaching wireless networking fundamentals is often difficult because many students appear to find the subject technical, and dry when presented in traditional lecture format. To overcome this problem, we provide an opportunity for experiential learning where students can learn wireless networking fundamentals by hands-on practical activities using low-cost Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) devices such as wireless cards and access points. Students can easily set up and configure networks using wireless cards and access points more effectively. By measuring network performance such as throughput and end-to-end delays, students are able to gain a deeper understanding of wireless networking. The effectiveness of Wi-Fi-based practical activities has been evaluated by students and the teaching team. This chapter reports on the overall effectiveness of teaching and learning of wireless network using radially available low-cost Wi-Fi cards and access points.

scholarly journals Flexible 3D Printed Molds for Educational Use. Digital Fabrication of 3D Typography

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Bonnet De León ◽  
Jose Luis Saorin ◽  
Jorge De la Torre-Cantero ◽  
Cecile Meier ◽  
María Cabrera-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Flexible Material ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
3D Printers ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Subject

<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-US">One of the drawbacks of using 3D printers in educational environments is that the creation time of each piece is high and therefore it is difficult to manufacture at least one piece for each student. This aspect is important so that each student can feel part of the manufacturing process. To achieve this, 3D printers can be used, not to make pieces, but to make the molds that students use to create replicas. On the other hand, for a mold to be used to make several pieces, it is convenient to make it with flexible material. However, most used material for 3D printers (PLA) is very rigid. To solve this problem, this article designs a methodology that allows the use of low-cost 3D printers (most common in school environments) with flexible material so that each mold can be used to manufacture parts for several students. To print flexible material with low-cost printers, it is necessary to adapt the machine and the print parameters to work properly. This article analyzes the changes to be made with a low cost 3D printer and validates the use of molds in school environments. A pilot test has been carried out with 8 students of the subject of Typography, in the School of Art and Superior of Design of Tenerife. During the activity, the students carried out the process of designing a typography and creating digital molds for 3D printing with flexible material. The designs were made using free 3D modeling programs and low-cost technologies.</span></p>

scholarly journals Advances in Conjugated Polymer Lasers

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Xia ◽  
Chang Hu ◽  
Tingkuo Chen ◽  
Dan Hu ◽  
Muru Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Polymers ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
Laser Materials ◽  
Radiation Mechanism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

This paper provides a review of advances in conjugated polymer lasers. High photoluminescence efficiencies and large stimulated emission cross-sections coupled with wavelength tunability and low-cost manufacturing processes make conjugated polymers ideal laser gain materials. In recent years, conjugated polymer lasers have become an attractive research direction in the field of organic lasers and numerous breakthroughs based on conjugated polymer lasers have been made in the last decade. This paper summarizes the recent progress of the subject of laser processes employing conjugated polymers, with a focus on the photoluminescence principle and excitation radiation mechanism of conjugated polymers. Furthermore, the effect of conjugated polymer structures on the laser threshold is discussed. The most common polymer laser materials are also introduced in detail. Apart from photo-pumped conjugated polymer lasers, a direction for the future development of electro-pumped conjugated polymer lasers is proposed.

scholarly journals New experimental model for training in videosurgery

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Malta Batista ◽  
Victor Araujo Felzemburgh ◽  
Ediriomar Peixoto Matos
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Operative Technique ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Full Professor ◽  
Experimental Surgery ◽  
New Model ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
The Subject

PURPOSE: To develop a new experimental model of lower cost for training in videosurgery. METHODS: This project was performed at the Nucleus of Experimental Surgery of the Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, based on previous models described in the literature and under the supervision of the full professor of Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery II. It was made a model cube-shaped, made of wood, with holes distributed in various locations, rubber stoppers for the holes and lined externally with carpet, and internally with laminate. RESULTS: The new experimental model is of low cost and reproduces quite faithfully several videosurgical procedures. CONCLUSION: Medical schools interested in the subject may adopt the new model for training in videosurgery without the need of high costs for making and using these models.

scholarly journals A Review of Neurotransmitters Sensing Methods for Neuro-Engineering Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimwe Dominique Niyonambaza ◽  
Praveen Kumar ◽  
Paul Xing ◽  
Jessy Mathault ◽  
Paul De Koninck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

Neurotransmitters as electrochemical signaling molecules are essential for proper brain function and their dysfunction is involved in several mental disorders. Therefore, the accurate detection and monitoring of these substances are crucial in brain studies. Neurotransmitters are present in the nervous system at very low concentrations, and they mixed with many other biochemical molecules and minerals, thus making their selective detection and measurement difficult. Although numerous techniques to do so have been proposed in the literature, neurotransmitter monitoring in the brain is still a challenge and the subject of ongoing research. This article reviews the current advances and trends in neurotransmitters detection techniques, including in vivo sampling and imaging techniques, electrochemical and nano-object sensing techniques for in vitro and in vivo detection, as well as spectrometric, analytical and derivatization-based methods mainly used for in vitro research. The document analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each method, with the aim to offer selection guidelines for neuro-engineering research.

scholarly journals Generating and Detecting Solvable Chaos at Radio Frequencies with Consideration to Multi-User Ranging

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey N. Beal ◽  
Seth D. Cohen ◽  
Tamseel M. Syed
Keyword(s):  
Matched Filter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Present Theory ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Correlation Properties

High entropy waveforms exhibit desirable correlation properties in radar and sonar applications when multiple systems are used in close proximity. Unfortunately, the information content of these signals can impose high sampling requirements for digital detection techniques. Solvable chaotic oscillators have been proposed to address such issues due to their simple, matched filters, where hardware has been demonstrated with a bandwidth of 10–20 kHz. To extend applications of these systems, we present theory, design, and experimental verification of solvable chaos at 1 MHz using simple off-the-shelf components. The waveforms produced by this system were propagated over a 2.45 GHz RF link and detected with an RLC-based, purely analog matched filter. Further, we show that properties of this special class of chaotic systems can be exploited to yield RF noise sources that are generally advantageous for multi-user ranging applications when compared to conventional techniques. The result is a simple, low-cost, and potentially low-power RF ranging system that requires very little digital signal processing.

scholarly journals Smart Real-Time Video Surveillance Platform for Drowsiness Detection Based on Eyelid Closure

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tayab Khan ◽  
Hafeez Anwar ◽  
Farman Ullah ◽  
Ata Ur Rehman ◽  
Rehmat Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
Drowsiness Detection ◽  
Driver Drowsiness ◽  
Sobel Operator ◽  
The Face ◽  
Uniform Background ◽  
The Subject

We propose drowsiness detection in real-time surveillance videos by determining if a person’s eyes are open or closed. As a first step, the face of the subject is detected in the image. In the detected face, the eyes are localized and filtered with an extended Sobel operator to detect the curvature of the eyelids. Once the curves are detected, concavity is used to tell whether the eyelids are closed or open. Consequently, a concave upward curve means the eyelid is closed whereas a concave downwards curve means the eye is open. The proposed method is also implemented on hardware in order to be used in real-time scenarios, such as driver drowsiness detection. The evaluation of the proposed method used three image datasets, where images in the first dataset have a uniform background. The proposed method achieved classification accuracy of up to 95% on this dataset. Another benchmark dataset used has significant variations based on face deformations. With this dataset, our method achieved classification accuracy of 70%. A real-time video dataset of people driving the car was also used, where the proposed method achieved 95% accuracy, thus showing its feasibility for use in real-time scenarios.

scholarly journals Comparison of Acceptable Noise Level Generated Using Different Transducers and Response Modes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Liang Xia ◽  
Jingchun He ◽  
Yuanyuan Sun ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Qiong Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acceptable Noise Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Response Modes ◽  
Chinese Subjects

The acceptable noise level (ANL) was defined by subtracting the background noise level (BNL) from the most comfortable listening level (MCL) (ANL = MCL − BNL). This study compared the ANL obtained through different methods in 20 Chinese subjects with normal hearing. ANL was tested with Mandarin speech materials using a loudspeaker or earphones, with each subject tested by himself or by the audiologist. The presentation and response modes were as follows: (1) loudspeaker with self-adjusted noise levels using audiometer controls (LS method); (2) loudspeaker with the subject signaling the audiologist to adjust speech and noise levels (LA method); (3) earphones with self-adjusted noise levels using audiometer controls (ES method); and (4) earphones with the subject signaling the audiologist to adjust speech and noise levels (EA method). ANL was calculated from three measurements with each method. There was no significant difference in the ANL obtained through different presentation modes or response modes sound. The correlations between ANL, MCL, and BNL obtained from each two methods were significant. In conclusion, the ANL in normal-hearing Mandarin listeners may not be affected by presentation modes such as a loudspeaker or earphones nor is it affected by self-adjusted or audiologist-adjusted response modes. Earphone audiometry is as reliable as sound field audiometry and provides an easy and convenient way to measure ANL.

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