Energy Footprint of Urban Services Within Building Infrastructure

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs M. Fekete ◽  
Gehan Kalene ◽  
Anthony D. Cak
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Primary Obstacle ◽  
The Cost

Energy addiction is regarded as the primary obstacle to humanity's sustainable future. The need to change lifestyles in consumer societies to become more sustainable is advocated without a clear understanding of what elements of modern life must undergo major transformations. One of the most overlooked aspects of this question is the role of buildings that serve as homes and workspaces. The energy use for maintaining such infrastructure, especially in urban areas, and operating key services like heating or cooling, lighting, delivering water, and collecting wastewater will inevitably grow as global population becomes increasing more affluent. This paper investigates the energy costs of several aspects of these key services in urban areas, specifically delivering and heating water and heating residential spaces in the five boroughs of New York City. It provides detailed geospatial calculations as an example of assessing energy costs based on physical principles (e.g., accounting for the effects of topography and building floor elevation to deliver water and heat, and energy losses in the water distribution system). The paper also serves as a demonstration of much-needed research to price out the cost of modern life in energy terms in order to identify major inefficiencies in our current urban infrastructure, as well as the potential for efficiency improvements. While these calculations do not directly incorporate observed data, the principles demonstrated here highlight the use of quantitative geospatial analyses (based on fundamental physics) in order to look at urban infrastructures, particularly for planning and designing new cities or rebuild existing ones.

scholarly journals Direct potable reuse: a future imperative

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Leverenz ◽  
George Tchobanoglous ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

As a result of population growth, urbanization, and climate change, public water supplies are becoming stressed, and the chances of tapping new water supplies for metropolitan areas are getting more difficult, if not impossible. As a consequence, existing water supplies must go further. One way to achieve this objective is by increased water reuse, particularly in supplementing municipal water supplies. Although water reuse offers many opportunities it also involves a number of problems. A significant cost for nonpotable water reuse in urban areas is associated with the need to provide separate piping and storage systems for reclaimed water. In most situations, the cost of a dual distribution system has been prohibitive and thus, has limited implementation for water reuse programs. The solution to the problem of distribution is to implement direct potable reuse (DPR) of purified water in the existing water distribution system. The purpose of this paper is to consider (a) a future in which DPR will be the norm and (b) the steps that will need to be taken to make this a reality. Following an overview, the rationale for DPR, some examples of DPR projects, technological and implementation issues, and future expectations are examined.

Detection and identification of mycobacteria in the Lisbon water distribution system

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Santos ◽  
F. Oliveira ◽  
J. Fernandes ◽  
S. Gonçalves ◽  
F. Macieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
High Rate ◽  
System A ◽  
Detection And Identification

Mycobacteria have emerged as a major cause of opportunistic infections. Until the present, only a few studies have characterized mycobacteria present in the water distribution system of urban areas. In this study, we characterize these microorganisms in the Lisbon water distribution system. Our results indicate a high rate of positivities (90.5%) with mainly saprophytic mycobacteria. Around 63% of these results belong to strains of Mycobacterium gordonae indicating a generalized proliferation of this species in the Lisbon water distribution system. A total of 21.05% of the isolates are from M. kansasii, M. intracellulare and M. chelonae.

scholarly journals Estimating High Resolution Temporal Scale of Water Demand Time Series – Disaggregation Approach (Case Study)

10.29007/4vfl ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Yousefi ◽  
Gholamreza Naser ◽  
Hadi Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Temporal Scale ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Cascade Method

A comprehensive understanding of water demand and its availability is essential for decision-makers to manage their resources and understand related risks effectively. Historical data play a crucial role in developing an integrated plan for management of water distribution system. The key is to provide high-resolution temporal-scale of demand data in urban areas. In the literature, many studies on water demand forecasting are available; most of them were focused on monthly-scales. Since monitoring of time series is a prolonged and costly procedure, the popularity of disaggregation methods is a most recent desirable trend. The objective of this research is to transfer low-resolution into high-resolution temporal scale using random cascade disaggregation and non-linear deterministic methods. This study defines a new technique to apply previously proposed random cascade method to disaggregate continuous data of the city of Peachland. The accuracy of the results is more than 90%. It represents a satisfactory application of the models. The proposed approach helps operators to have access to daily demand without acquiring high-resolution temporal scale values. Although the disaggregated values may not be precisely equal with observed values, it offers a practical solution for the low equipped WDS and leads to lesser number of drinking water-related problems.

scholarly journals A robust approach based on time variable trigger levels for pump control

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Alvisi ◽  
Marco Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Time Variable ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Robust Approach ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Electricity Tariff

Abstract An approach for the control of a pumping plant feeding a tank at the inlet of a water distribution system is presented. The approach is aimed at minimizing the energy costs by maximizing pumping during off-peak electricity tariff periods. It is based on trigger levels which are variable during the day according to a prefixed pattern in order to ensure that the water level in the elevated tank is at its minimum and maximum values at the end of the peak and off-peak tariff periods, respectively. The pattern of the trigger levels is defined by solving a multi-objective problem aimed at minimizing the energy costs and the number of pump switches. The approach was applied to a couple of real cases with a single tank. The approach was compared with other methodologies typically used for pump control, i.e. fixed trigger levels (FTLs) and pump scheduling (PS). The results show for the two particular cases that the proposed approach achieves energy costs that are lower than those obtainable by using FTLs, and comparable with those obtainable by using PS. This is based on achieving a similar number of pump switches.

Optimized operation of water distribution system using multipurpose fuzzy LP model

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Arai ◽  
A. Koizumi ◽  
T. Inakazu ◽  
A. Masuko ◽  
S. Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Fuzzy Linear Programming ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Reducing Energy

This research is aimed at multiple-objective optimization of water operations in a water supply and distribution system. These objectives include reducing energy use while at the same time meeting water quality needs. The first objective is to propose water operations aimed at minimizing energy consumption. The second is to optimize water supply and distribution from the standpoint of water quality based on total organic carbon and the third is to attempt optimization that satisfies the first two objectives through multipurpose fuzzy linear programming (LP). This study mathematically formulates water operation planning issues focusing on reducing energy consumption and improving water quality in a water distribution system. Estimates show that a reduction in energy use of around 10% can be expected. Fuzzy LP is applied to achieve a balance among multiple objectives. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed multipurpose optimization when applied to trade-offs in water operation.

scholarly journals Design and Development of Water Flow Network using IoT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Flow Network ◽  
The Past

During the past decades water needs have risen exponentially to an unprecedent- ed scale in India. Due to increase in population, water consumption and water distribution has become critical problem. To triumph over problems related to water supply and for equal distribution of water there is a need for efficient automated device. This paper pro- poses the conceptual design of automated water flow network and distribution system using IoT for highly populated urban areas such as apartments. The system is fully automated with closed loop structure. The heart of proposed design has a microcontroller which ex- tracts and processes the data from electronic flow rate sensors and monitors the flow of wa- ter to each user based on predetermined threshold level. Hence the water is equally distrib- uted among the user according to their needs. IoT provides the information services required for water flow networks

Risk- and robustness-based solutions to a multi-objective water distribution system rehabilitation problem under uncertainty

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kapelan ◽  
D.A. Savic ◽  
G.A. Walters ◽  
A.V. Babayan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Fitness Evaluation ◽  
Multi Objective

The water distribution system (WDS) rehabilitation problem is defined here as a multi-objective optimisation problem under uncertainty. Two alternative problem formulations are considered. The first objective in both approaches is to minimise the total rehabilitation cost. The second objective is to either maximise the overall WDS robustness or to minimise the total WDS risk. The WDS robustness is defined as the probability of simultaneously satisfying minimum pressure head constraints at all nodes in the network. Total risk is defined as the sum of nodal risks, where nodal risk is defined as the product of the probability of pressure failure at that node and consequence of such failure. Decision variables are the alternative rehabilitation options for each pipe in the network. The only source of uncertainty is the future water consumption. Uncertain demands are modelled using any probability density functions (PDFs) assigned in the problem formulation phase. The corresponding PDFs of the analysed nodal heads are calculated using the Latin Hypercube sampling technique. The optimal rehabilitation problem is solved using the newly developed rNSGAII method which is a modification of the well-known NSGAII optimisation algorithm. In rNSGAII a small number of demand samples are used for each fitness evaluation leading to significant computational savings when compared to the full sampling approach. The two alternative approaches are tested, verified and their performance compared on the New York tunnels case study. The results obtained demonstrate that both new methodologies are capable of identifying the robust (near) Pareto optimal fronts while making significant computational savings.

scholarly journals Lost in Optimisation of Water Distribution Systems? A Literature Review of System Design

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Mala-Jetmarova ◽  
Nargiz Sultanova ◽  
Dragan Savic
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Cost

Optimisation of water distribution system design is a well-established research field, which has been extremely productive since the end of the 1980s. Its primary focus is to minimise the cost of a proposed pipe network infrastructure. This paper reviews in a systematic manner articles published over the past three decades, which are relevant to the design of new water distribution systems, and the strengthening, expansion and rehabilitation of existing water distribution systems, inclusive of design timing, parameter uncertainty, water quality, and operational considerations. It identifies trends and limits in the field, and provides future research directions. Exclusively, this review paper also contains comprehensive information from over one hundred and twenty publications in a tabular form, including optimisation model formulations, solution methodologies used, and other important details.

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