Description and Evaluation of a Simplified Model to Simulate the Optical Behavior of an Angle-Resolved Scattered Light Sensor

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
François M. Torner ◽  
Gerhard Stelzer ◽  
Lukas Anslinger ◽  
Jörg Seewig
Keyword(s):  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Light Sensor ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The One

Scattered light sensors are optical sensors commonly used in industrial applications. They are particularly well suited to characterizing surface roughness. In contrast to most geometric measuring devices, a scattered light sensor measures reflection angles of surfaces according to the principle of the so-called mirror facet model. Surfaces can be evaluated based on the statistical distribution of the surface angles, meaning the gradients. To better understand how the sensor behaves, it is helpful to create a virtual model. Ray-tracing methods are just as conceivable as purely mathematical methods based on convolution. The mathematical description is especially interesting because it promotes fundamental comprehension of angle-resolved scattered light measurement technology and requires significantly less computation time than ray-tracing algorithms. Simplified and idealized assumptions are accepted. To reduce the effort required to simulate the sensor, an attempt was made to implement an idealized mathematical model using Matlab® to be able to quickly generate information on scattered light distribution without excessive effort. Studies were conducted to determine the extent to which the results of modeling correspond to the transfer characteristics of a virtual Zemax sensor, on the one hand, and with the measurement results of the actual scattered light sensor, on the other hand.

scholarly journals Fundamental Analysis of the Usability of an Angle-Resolved Scattered Light Sensor for Monitoring Vibratory Finishing Processes Based on Ray Tracing Simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 869 ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
François M. Torner ◽  
Jayanti Das ◽  
Gerhard Stelzer ◽  
Barbara Linke ◽  
Jörg Seewig
Keyword(s):  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Vibratory Finishing ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Light Sensor ◽  
Measurement Principle ◽  
Finishing Processes ◽  
The University ◽  
High Degree

The angle-resolved scattered light sensor OS500 (made by Optosurf in Ettlingen, Germany) is an optical measuring device that is becoming more and more frequently used inindustrial applications and for the characterization of surfaces in general as well as for measuringroughness and shape. The angle-resolved measurement principle allows the statistical distributionof the gradients of a surface, resulting from the reflectance of the light at the flank angles of theareas examined, to be measured and consequently enables the geometric surface texture to beevaluated. Thus the topography of surfaces is not measured; instead the gradients are evaluated.Since the scattered light sensor measures angles and not distances, the sensor is immune to out-ofplanevibrations in the direction of measurement. Another distinct characteristic of the scattered light sensor is the high degree of sensor dynamics, which when combined with the statisticalanalysis of the surface angles, allows even the finest changes in the surface structure to be detected. Accordingly, it makes sense to use the sensor to monitor processes in which the surfaces and their structures change only slightly during the manufacturing process. One such process is so-called vibratory finishing. This process and several other manufacturing processes geared towards sustainable manufacturing methods are being examined by the “Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering” at the University of California, Davis (CA, USA). On the basis of a ray tracing model, simulations calculations, meaning only virtual measurements, will demonstrate the suitability of the sensor for monitoring manufacturing.

scholarly journals Study of Propagation Mechanisms in Dynamical Railway Environment to Reduce Computation Time of 3D Ray Tracing Simulator

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Siham Hairoud ◽  
Pierre Combeau ◽  
Yannis Pousset ◽  
Yann Cocheril ◽  
Marion Berbineau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Propagation Channel ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Simulation Accuracy ◽  
3D Ray Tracing ◽  
The One ◽  
Confined Environment ◽  
The Impact

In order to better assess the behaviours of the propagation channel in a confined environment such as a railway tunnel for subway application, we present an optimization method for a deterministic channel simulator based on 3D ray tracing associated to the geometrical optics laws and the uniform theory of diffraction. This tool requires a detailed description of the environment. Thus, the complexity of this model is directly bound to the complexity of the environment and specifically to the number of facets that compose it. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to identify facets that have no significant impact on the wave propagation. This allows us to simplify the description of the geometry of the modelled environment by removing them and by this way, to reduce the complexity of our model and therefore its computation time. A comparative study between full and simplified environment is led and shows the impact of this proposed method on the characteristic parameters of the propagation channel. Thus computation time obtained from the simplified environment is 6 times lower than the one of the full model without significant degradation of simulation accuracy.

Amplitude, Fresnel zone, and NMO velocity for PP and SS normal-incidence reflections

Geophysics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. W1-W14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Fresnel Zone ◽  
Normal Wave ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Geometric Spreading ◽  
Dynamic Ray Tracing ◽  
The One ◽  
Paraxial Ray

Inspired by recent ray-theoretical developments, the theory of normal-incidence rays is generalized to accommodate P- and S-waves in layered isotropic and anisotropic media. The calculation of the three main factors contributing to the two-way amplitude — i.e., geometric spreading, phase shift from caustics, and accumulated reflection/transmission coefficients — is formulated as a recursive process in the upward direction of the normal-incidence rays. This step-by-step approach makes it possible to implement zero-offset amplitude modeling as an efficient one-way wavefront construction process. For the purpose of upward dynamic ray tracing, the one-way eigensolution matrix is introduced, having as minors the paraxial ray-tracing matrices for the wavefronts of two hypothetical waves, referred to by Hubral as the normal-incidence point (NIP) wave and the normal wave. Dynamic ray tracing expressed in terms of the one-way eigensolution matrix has two advantages: The formulas for geometric spreading, phase shift from caustics, and Fresnel zone matrix become particularly simple, and the amplitude and Fresnel zone matrix can be calculated without explicit knowledge of the interface curvatures at the point of normal-incidence reflection.

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND VARIATION OF Sn/Zn COOLING MEDIA ON NICKEL ALLOY STEEL THROUGH HOT FORGING AND AUSTEMPERING

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Satrio Herbirowo ◽  
Martin Harimurti ◽  
Septian Adi Chandra ◽  
Dedi Pria Utama ◽  
Faried Miftahur Ridlo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cooling Medium ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Cooling Media ◽  
The One ◽  
Bainite Microstructure

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND VARIATION OF Sn/Zn COOLING MEDIA ON NICKEL ALLOY STEEL THROUGH HOT FORGING AND AUSTEMPERING. Laterite steel with nickel content is expected to be a solution to overcome the lack of domestic steel availability and dependence on imports. This research was conducted to develop Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy steel used Grinding ball for cement industrial applications. Grinding ball is the one of imported steel products needed to be crushing and size reduction the ores or cement. In addition to import issues, grinding balls have a significant problem: their mechanical properties that do not meet SNI 1049 require the material to have a minimum hardness value of 45 HRC. In this study, the characteristics of Nickel alloy steel were investigated further through heat treatment of forgings heated at the austenitizing temperature of 950 °C and austempering with variations in the cooling medium of Sn/Zn solution. The cooling medium was chosen because it has a melting temperature in the phase diagram area to form the bainite microstructure with complex and challenging characteristics, both of which are required in material for grinding ball applications. In particular, the hardness value that passed the SNI 1069 standard was the use of samples with a Cr-Mo alloy of 1%-wt with a hardness value of 45.92 HRC for Sn Austemper and 48.07 HRC for Zn austemper.

Erfahrungen mit alternativen Kraftmessungen/Experiences with alternative force measurements - Comparing sensor-integrated toolholders to traditional piezo-based measurement technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Patrick Georgi ◽  
Ssrah Eschelbacher ◽  
Thomas Stehle ◽  
Hans-Christian Möhring
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Force ◽  
Force Measurement ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Measuring Systems ◽  
The One

Die Prozessüberwachung spielt in der Zerspanung eine immer wichtiger werdende Rolle. So können zum Beispiel mittels Zerspankraftmessungen ökonomisch optimierte Parameter in Zerspanprozessen gefunden werden, die zu einer Verbesserung der Auslastung von Werkzeug und Maschine führen. Des Weiteren kann über die Zerspankraft auf den aktuellen Verschleißzustand der Werkzeuge im Prozess sowie auf die jeweils erreichbare Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit zurückgeschlossen werden. Für Zerspankraftmessungen gibt es eine Vielzahl an zur Verfügung stehenden Kraftmesssystemen; zum einen traditionelle Messtechnik auf Basis von Piezosensoren zur Kraftmessung und zum anderen Kraftmesstechnik auf der Basis von Dehnmessstreifen (DMS). Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Kraftaufnahme bei Fräs- und Bohrprozessen, bei denen beide Kraftmesssysteme simultan eingesetzt wurden.   Process monitoring plays an increasingly important role in machining. For example, through cutting force measurements, it is possible to find economically optimal parameters in the milling process, which lead to an improvement in the utilization of the tool and the machine. Furthermore, the cutting force can be used to deduce the state of wear of the tools in the process. There are varieties of available force measuring systems for this purpose; on the one hand, traditional measuring technology based on piezo sensors for force measurement and the other force measuring technology based on strain gauges (strain gauges). This article examines the force absorption in milling and drilling processes where both force-measuring systems were used simultaneously.

Sound influence on spa park perception in feelings of visitors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Sztubecka ◽  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Anna Bazan-Krzywoszańska ◽  
Marta Skiba
Keyword(s):  
Human Perception ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Noise Measurements ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Noise can have many harmful effects on the recipients, however people exposed to noise on a long-term and regular basis can get used to it, even if the permissible levels are exceeded. In cities, green areas and park systems are provided to create a climate for rest and relaxation. Spa parks are a special kind of such park systems, which – in addition to the above-mentioned features – support therapies offered by spa facilities located there. On the one hand, patients and visitors appreciate various social and entertainment events held there, but – on the other – a multitude of sounds associated with them may reduce the comfort of their stay. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the results of noise measurements and the human perception of noise within the impact zone. The examined area is a spa park in the health resort district of Inowrocław, where seasonal measurements (taken in summer and winter) provided a basis for the determination of the connection between the measured values of equivalent sound level and the noise level perceived by surveyed people. A statistical analysis was performed to take into account the correlation between the obtained measurement results and the human perception of noise. It shows some differences in the perception of heard sounds. The results allow an evaluation of the soundscape of the analysed area.

scholarly journals Physical and Mathematical Fluid Mechanics

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2199
Author(s):  
Markus Scholle
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Software Codes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Continuum

Fluid mechanics has emerged as a basic concept for nearly every field of technology. Despite there being a well-developed mathematical theory and available commercial software codes, the computation of solutions of the governing equations of motion is still challenging, especially due to the nonlinearity involved, and there are still open questions regarding the underlying physics of fluid flow, especially with respect to the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium. The aim of this Special Issue is to reference recent advances in the field of fluid mechanics both in terms of developing sophisticated mathematical methods for finding solutions of the equations of motion, on the one hand, and on novel approaches to the physical modelling beyond the continuum hypothesis and thermodynamic local equilibrium, on the other.

scholarly journals Power System Nonlinear Modal Analysis Using Computationally Reduced Normal Form Method

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi ◽  
Xavier Kestelyn ◽  
Bogdan Marinescu ◽  
Olivier Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Modal Analysis ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Approximate Model ◽  
Polynomial Coefficients ◽  
Normal Form Method ◽  
Nonlinear Modal Analysis ◽  
The One

Increasing nonlinearity in today’s grid challenges the conventional small-signal (modal) analysis (SSA) tools. For instance, the interactions among modes, which are not captured by SSA, may play significant roles in a stressed power system. Consequently, alternative nonlinear modal analysis tools, notably Normal Form (NF) and Modal Series (MS) methods are being explored. However, they are computation-intensive due to numerous polynomial coefficients required. This paper proposes a fast NF technique for power system modal interaction investigation, which uses characteristics of system modes to carefully select relevant terms to be considered in the analysis. The Coefficients related to these terms are selectively computed and the resulting approximate model is computationally reduced compared to the one in which all the coefficients are computed. This leads to a very rapid nonlinear modal analysis of the power systems. The reduced model is used to study interactions of modes in a two-area power system where the tested scenarios give same results as the full model, with about 70% reduction in computation time.

Determination of the dynamics of the odour release from a pig house, using an electronic odour sensor

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gallmann ◽  
E. Hartung ◽  
G. Brose ◽  
T. Jungbluth
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Metal Oxide Sensors ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Sensor Signals ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Animal Mass ◽  
The One ◽  
Pig Husbandry

The widely fluctuating operating conditions in pig husbandry, due to climatic and biological changes (changes in temperature and air flowrate between day and night, as well as between summer and winter, increasing animal mass during the fattening process, etc.) exert a significant influence on the amount of actual odour emission. The project presented here comprised the measurement of seasonal (fattening course), daytime-related, and short-term (feeding) dynamic effects of odour release, as well as the identification of potential factors which influence the amount of odour emitted. In parallel with “classic” olfactometry, an electronic odour sensor with a chemosensor array of ten metal oxide sensors was employed. The highest odour emissions are measured on hot summer days, while the lowest emissions were determined on cold winter days. On the one hand, the sensor signals of the electronic odour sensor exhibited considerable differences on days with large volume flow alterations. On the other hand, continuous measurement with the electronic odour sensor allowed changes in the gas- and odorant composition of the exhaust air during feeding times to be shown. From the measurement results, recommendations for odour sampling, the consideration of seasonal odour emission fluctuations, and the use of electronic odour sensors for the evaluation of odour emissions have been derived.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document