Snap Transitions of Pressurized Graphene Blisters

Blister tests are commonly used to determine the mechanical and interfacial properties of thin film materials with recent applications for graphene. This paper presents a numerical study on snap transitions of pressurized graphene blisters. A continuum model is adopted combining a nonlinear plate theory for monolayer graphene with a nonlinear traction–separation relation for van der Waals interactions. Three types of blister configurations are considered. For graphene bubble blisters, snap-through and snap-back transitions between pancake-like and dome-like shapes are predicted under pressure-controlled conditions. For center-island graphene blisters, snap transitions between donut-like and dome-like shapes are predicted under both pressure and volume control. Finally, for the center-hole graphene blisters, growth is stable under volume or N-control but unstable under pressure control. With a finite hole depth, the growth may start with a snap transition under N-control if the hole is relatively deep. The numerical results provide a systematic understanding on the mechanics of graphene blisters, consistent with previously reported experiments. Of particular interest is the relationship between the van der Waals interactions and measurable quantities in corresponding blister tests, with which both the adhesion energy of graphene and the equilibrium separation for the van der Waals interactions may be determined. In comparison with approximate solutions based on membrane analyses, the numerical method offers more accurate solutions that may be used in conjunction with experiments for quantitative characterization of the interfacial properties of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) membrane materials.