Layout Optimization of a Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Facility Using Inherent Safety Principles

Author(s):  
Peiwei Xin ◽  
Faisal Khan ◽  
Salim Ahmed

This paper presents a layout optimization methodology for the topside deck of a floating liquefied natural gas facility (FLNG) using inherent safety principles. Natural gas is emerging as a clean energy, and a large amount of natural gas exists in the proven offshore area, thus making it an energy source with huge potential in today's and the future market. FLNG facilities tap natural gas from an offshore well by floating, compressing it into liquefied natural gas (LNG), and offloading it to LNG carriers after temporary storage. In addition, FLNG facilities enable long-distance as well as multilocation transportation. The FLNG facility requires compact design due to limited space and high construction costs and thus faces a more challenging situation where the design has to concurrently guarantee economic profits and a safe operational environment. Therefore, the layout of the topside deck, which includes production, storage, and other functions, plays a paramount role in designing an FLNG facility. This paper optimizes the layout of an FLNG topside deck by implementing inherent safety principles. The objective is to design a topside deck layout which achieves the largest extent of inherent safety with optimal costs. The details of the principles and their application for layout optimization are also provided.

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Sindre Knutsson

Increasing spreads between spot liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-indexed contracts have resulted in the world’s top three LNG buyers paying a cost premium of $33 billion in 2019 and 23 billion in 2020. The top three buyers are Japan, China and South Korea, which had a combined 151Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. This cost premium shows what top Asian buyers are currently paying for the security of LNG supply through long-term oil-indexed contracts. However, it also shows the potential reward Asian buyers have if they manage to develop a liquid LNG pricing hub in Asia to which they can index their contracts. Japanese buyers’ efforts of increasing flexibility in contracts, both through take-or-pay agreements and destination flexibility and aims of growing the spot market, will increasingly support the liquidity of the LNG market. However, there will be resistance from the other side of the table, for where someone is paying a premium, or making a loss, someone is making money. 2020 was another year of plenty for LNG producers selling oil-indexed volumes to Asian markets. Australia is the largest seller of LNG to Japan, China and South Korea with over 60Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. Australia has benefited from having their contracts indexed to oil, but what’s next? In this paper, Rystad Energy will discuss the future market for Australian LNG exports including development in LNG demand, contract trends and price spreads.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5673
Author(s):  
Tomasz Banaszkiewicz ◽  
Maciej Chorowski ◽  
Wojciech Gizicki ◽  
Artur Jedrusyna ◽  
Jakub Kielar ◽  
...  

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is one of the most influential fuels of the 21st century, especially in terms of the global economy. The demand for LNG is forecasted to reach 400 million tonnes by 2020, increasing up to 500 million tonnes in 2030. Due to its high mass and volumetric energy density, LNG is the perfect fuel for long-distance transport, as well as for use in mobile applications. It is also characterized by low levels of emissions, which is why it has been officially approved for use as a marine fuel in Emission Control Areas (ECAs) where stricter controls have been established to minimize the airborne emissions produced by ships. LNG is also an emerging fuel in heavy road and rail transport. As a cryogenic fuel that is characterized by a boiling temperature of about 120 K (−153 °C), LNG requires the special construction of cryogenic mobile installations to fulfill conflicting requirements, such as a robust mechanical construction and a low number of heat leaks to colder parts of the system under high safety standards. This paper provides a profound review of LNG applications in waterborne and land transport. Exemplary constructions of LNG engine supply systems are presented and discussed from the mechanical and thermodynamic points of view. Physical exergy recovery during LNG regasification is analyzed, and different methods of the process are both analytically and experimentally compared. The issues that surround two-phase flows and phase change processes in LNG regasification and recondensation are addressed, and technical solutions for boil-off gas recondensation are proposed. The paper also looks at the problems surrounding LNG installation data acquisition and control systems, concluding with a discussion of the impact of LNG technologies on future trends in low-emission transport.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Peter Roberts

Abstract The concept of commercializing natural gas through liquefaction to give liquefied natural gas (LNG), with the capacity for that LNG to be shipped worldwide to meet the demand for clean energy, is well known. The options for, and the opportunities for evolution in, how LNG is priced (whether locally, regionally or even globally, with indexation to crude oil prices or to reported gas hub prices) have also been widely discussed in industry literature. But into the LNG pricing mix, we could soon be adding a new value measure which could have the capacity to shape the way in which LNG production projects are configured—tCO2e (or, to give it its full name, tCO2e/tLNG).


Author(s):  
Umberto Desideri ◽  
Claudio Belli

Natural gas is usually transferred to consumers through pipelines, which may cover distances of thousands of kilometers. In some cases, however, when the path of the pipelines crosses seas or countries where the politic situation does not ensure a continuous and reliable flow, other means of transportation are preferred. In these cases, the natural gas is liquefied and transported in tankers, which load the tanks at liquefaction plants and discharge them at regasification plants. This gives a considerable chance to differentiate supply sources and allows gas imports from producing countries that are otherwise inaccessible via pipeline. The aim of this paper is the study of systems, which carry out liquefied natural gas (LNG) vaporization using cogenerative solutions. The following configurations were studied in particular: • Gas-steam combined cycles; • Closed gas-gas combined cycles using three different working fluids. Two typical plant sizes and two gas pressure sendout levels (7.3 MPa for long distance pipeline networks and 2.5 MPa for terminals linked to power production plants with combined cycles) have been analyzed. The suggested solutions have been optimized, and performance calculated. The discussion is completed by a simplified economic analysis.


MARLIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Yuni Ari Wibowo ◽  
Anas Noor Firdaus

Kebutuhan akan energi bersih dalam satu dekade terakhir terus meningkat seiring dengan kesadaran user dan regulator untuk menjaga kelestarian lingkungan, sehingga dibutuhkan berbagai macam upaya untuk mengelola dan memperluas produksinya. Salah satu jenis clean energy yang akhir-akhir ini menyita perhatian industri global adalah Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Asia Pasifik memiliki 9,4% dari cadangan gas dunia, dengan Indonesia menyumbang 1,53%. Kebanyakan cadangan LNG ditemukan pada laut lepas (offshore) dan terisolasi dari infrastruktur daratan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dibutuhkanlah fasilitas struktur bangunan apung, seperti FSRU. FSRU sendiri biasanya ditambatkan pada jetty/dermaga dengan sistem berthing. Dalam mendesain dermaga perlu dipertimbangkan gaya-gaya yang timbul akibat kondisi berthing dengan konfigurasi side-by-side. Konfigurasi ini menciptakan efek multibody dalam perilaku hidrodinamika, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji efek multibody antara FSRU dan LNGC dengan variasi jarak satu sama lain 2, 4, 6 dan 8 m. Gerakan FSRU ditinjau dalam penelitian ini dengan skenario pemodelan tanpa pengaruh dan terpengaruh LNGC. Hal ini penting dilakukan dalam perancangan jetty karena FSRU ditambatkan pada jetty. Berdasarkan simulasi numerik analisis dinamis frequency domain yang dihasilkan, didapatkan bahwa efek multibody terlihat pada model side-by-side. Efek multibody akibat propagasi gelombang dari arah head seas (= 180o) tidak menyebabkan dampak signifikan pada variasi jarak, kecuali pada jarak 2 m akibat fenomena standing wave. Pada gelombang yang berpropagasi arah seperempat haluan (= 225o)) dan arah samping (= 270o)  juga terlihat adanya efek multibody pada variasi jarak. Pada model dengan jarak 4 dan 8 m, karakter RAO cenderung lebih rendah atau sama dengan RAO pada model FSRU free floating. Namun pada jarak 2 dan 6 m, karakter RAO lebih tinggi dari dari RAO FSRU free floating. Selain menaikkan dan menurunkan harga RAO gerakan, efek multibody juga menggeser frekuensi natural (?) struktur bangunan apung dengan beda 0.1 – 0.3 rad/s. Hal ini penting diketahui karena posisi frekuensi natural dapat memicu magnifikasi gerakan jika terjadi resonansi.The demand of clean energy in the last decade continues to increase along with the awareness of users and regulators to preserve the environment, so that efforts are needed to manage and expand their production. A type of clean energy that has recently caught the attention of the global industry is Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Asia Pacific has 9.4% of the world’s gas reserves, with Indonesia contributing 1.53%. Most LNG reserves are located in offshore and isolated from land infrastructure. To overcome these problems, floating structures, such as the FSRU, are needed. The FSRU is usually moored to the jetty / dock with the berthing system. In designing the jetty it is necessary to consider the forces that arise due to berthing condition with side-by-side configuration. This configuration create a multibody effect in hydrodynamic behavior, this study aims to examine the multibody effects between FSRU and LNGC with variations in distance 2, 4, 6 and 8 m. The FSRU movement was reviewed in this study with a modeling scenario without the influence and influence of the LNGC. This is important to evaluate in designing the jetty because the FSRU is moored to the jetty. According to the numerical simulation of the dynamic frequency domain analysis, it was found that the multibody effect was found in the side-by-side model. The multibody effect due to wave propagation from the direction of the head seas (= 180o)  does not cause a significant impact on the variation of the distance, except at a distance of 2 m due to the standing wave phenomenon. While the waves propagating in the direction of a quarter of the bow (= 225o) and the side direction (= 270o) a multibody effect is also found in the variation of distance. In models with a distance of 4 and 8 m, the RAO character tends to be lower or equal to RAO in the free floating FSRU model. Therefore at a distance of 2 and 6 m, the RAO character is higher than that of the RAO free floating FSRU. In addition to raising and lowering the RAO price of the movement, the multibody effect also shifts the natural frequency of the floating structure with a difference of 0.1 - 0.3 rad / s. This is important to investigate because the position of natural frequencies can trigger magnification of the movement in the event of resonance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2088 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
Sataro Yamaguchi ◽  
Yury Ivanov ◽  
Linda Sugiyama

Abstract We propose a hybrid energy transmission pipeline that combines the liquefied natural gas (LNG) cryogenic pipelines and superconducting direct current (DC) electrical power transmission cable system (SCDC). The system design is based on experimental data from the SCDC Ishikari project in Japan and related laboratory experiments. The particular structure of the hybrid cryogenic pipe connects the thermal radiation shield of the pipe that contains the DC high temperature superconducting (HTS) electrical cable to the LNG pipe and significantly reduces the heat leak into the SCDC pipe. Because the specific heat of LNG is higher than that of liquid nitrogen and the LNG transfer rate is quite high, the thermal loss of the SCDC cable becomes only 1/100 that of present-day conventional copper cables, far below the factor 1/10 reduction achievable by a stand-alone SCDC transmission lines. The LNG temperature rises by less than 2 K over a 100 km transport distance, which is negligible in actual use. LNG also saves significantly on pumping power compared to a natural gas pipeline. To liquefy the LNG at cryogenic temperature from natural gas at ambient temperature requires a large refrigerator that consumes enormous power. The gas pipeline, however, needs a compressor to produce high-pressure gas, which also consumes a massive amount of power. Due to these considerations, the proposed hybrid system is a viable design for the long-distance joint transportation of LNG and electricity.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jingxian Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Le Qi

Abstract Over the past few decades, the number of liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships and terminals has been increasing, playing an important role in global clean energy transportation. However, the traffic capacity of LNG shipping in port areas is limited because of its high safety requirements. In view of this problem, a novel model is proposed to study the ship traffic in a port area by combining cellular automaton (CA) and multi-agent methods. Taking the CNOOC Tianjin LNG Terminal as an example, the ship traffic in Tianjin Port is simulated. Based on the simulation results, the LNG ship traffic capacity and its impact on the general shipping traffic flow under different special traffic rules are obtained. This model can provide theoretical support for optimising the port traffic organisation for LNG ships.


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