Development of a Methodology for Engine Performance Investigation Through Double Crankshaft Speed Measurement

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ponti ◽  
Vittorio Ravaglioli ◽  
Matteo De Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Management System ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Key Factor

Optimal combustion control has become a key factor in modern automotive applications to guarantee low engine out emissions and good driveability. To meet these goals, the engine management system has to guarantee an accurate control of torque delivered by the engine and optimal combustion phasing. Both quantities can be calculated through a proper processing of in-cylinder pressure signal. However, in-cylinder pressure on-board installation is still uncommon, mainly due to problems related to pressure sensors' reliability and cost. Consequently, the increasing request for combustion control optimization spawned a great amount of research in the development of remote combustion sensing methodologies, i.e., algorithms that allow extracting useful information about combustion effectiveness via low-cost sensors, such as crankshaft speed, accelerometers, or microphones. Based on the simultaneous acquisition of two crankshaft speed signals, this paper analyses the information that can be extracted about crankshaft's torsional behavior through a proper processing of the acquired signals. In particular, the correlations existing between such information and indicated quantities (torque delivered by the engine and combustion phasing) have been analyzed. In order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, each speed measurement has been performed at an end of the crankshaft, i.e., in correspondence of the flywheel and the distribution wheel. The presented approach has been applied to a light-duty L4 diesel engine mounted in a test cell. Nevertheless, the methodology is general, and it can be applied to engines with a different number of cylinders, both compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI).

Development of a Methodology for Engine Performance Investigation Through Double Crankshaft Speed Measurement

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ponti ◽  
V. Ravaglioli ◽  
M. De Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Engine Management System ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Key Factor

Optimal combustion control has become a key factor in modern automotive applications to guarantee low engine out emissions and good driveability. In order to meet these goals, the engine management system has to guarantee an accurate control of torque delivered by the engine and optimal combustion phasing. Both quantities can be calculated through a proper processing of in-cylinder pressure signal. However, in-cylinder pressure on-board installation is still uncommon, mainly due to problems related to pressure sensors’ reliability and cost. Consequently, over the last years, the increasing request for combustion control optimization spawned a great amount of research in the development of remote combustion sensing methodologies, i.e. algorithms that allow extracting useful information about combustion effectiveness via low cost sensors, such as crankshaft speed, accelerometers or microphones. Based on the simultaneous acquisition of two crankshaft speed signals, this paper analyses the information that can be extracted about crankshaft’s torsional behavior through a proper processing of the acquired signals. In particular, the correlations existing between such information and indicated quantities (torque delivered by the engine and combustion phasing) have been analysed. In order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, each speed measurement has been performed at an end of the crankshaft, i.e. in correspondence of the flywheel and the distribution wheel. The presented approach has been applied to a light-duty L4 Diesel engine mounted in a test cell. Nevertheless, the methodology is general, and it can be applied to engines with a different number of cylinders, both CI and SI.

scholarly journals Cylinder pressure sensors for smart combustion control

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Vollberg ◽  
Dennis Wachter ◽  
Thomas Kuberczyk ◽  
Günter Schultes
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Relative Pressure ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control

Abstract. Different sensor concepts for time-resolved cylinder pressure monitoring of combustion engines are realized and evaluated in this paper. We distinguish a non-intrusive form of measurement outside the cylinder, performed by means of a force compression rod from intrusive, real in-cylinder measurement by means of pressure membrane sensors being exposed to the hot combustion process. The force compression rod has the shape of a sine wave with thinner zones equipped with highly sensitive foil strain gauges that experience a relatively moderate temperature level of 120 ∘C. The sensor rod delivers a relative pressure value that may be influenced by neighbour cylinders due to mechanical coupling. For the intrusive sensor type, two different materials for the membrane-type sensor element were simulated and tested, one based on the ceramic zirconia and the other based on stainless steel. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of steel, the element experiences only 200 ∘C while the zirconia element reaches 300 ∘C. Metallic chromium thin films with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 15) and high-temperature capability were deposited on the membranes and subsequently structured to a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure evolution can be measured with both types in full detail, comparable to the signals of test bench cylinder pressure sensors. For the preferential steel-based sensor type, a reliable laser-welded electrical connection between the thin films on the membrane and a copper wire was developed. The in-cylinder pressure sensors were tested both on a diesel test bench and on a gas-fired engine. On the latter, an endurance test with 20 million cycles was passed. Reliable cylinder pressure sensors with a minimum of internal components are thus provided. The signals will be processed inside the sensor housing to provide analysis and aggregated data, i.e. mass fraction burned (MFB50) and other parameters as an output to allow for smart combustion control.

Cylinder-Pressure-Based Engine Control Using Pressure-Ratio-Management and Low-Cost Non-Intrusive Cylinder Pressure Sensors

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Sellnau ◽  
Frederic A. Matekunas ◽  
Paul A. Battiston ◽  
Chen-Fang Chang ◽  
David R. Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure

Diesel Engine Combustion Sensing Methodology Based on Vibration Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponti Fabrizio ◽  
Ravaglioli Vittorio ◽  
Cavina Nicolò ◽  
De Cesare Matteo
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Real Time Analysis

The increasing request for pollutant emissions reduction spawned a great deal of research in the field of combustion control and monitoring. As a matter of fact, newly developed low temperature combustion strategies for diesel engines allow obtaining a significant reduction both in particulate matter and NOx emissions, combining the use of high EGR rates with a proper injection strategy. Unfortunately, due to their nature, these innovative combustion strategies are very sensitive to in-cylinder thermal conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain a stable combustion, a closed-loop combustion control methodology is needed. Many works demonstrate that a closed-loop combustion control strategy can be based on real-time analysis of in-cylinder pressure trace that provides important information about the combustion process, such as start of combustion, center of combustion and torque delivered by each cylinder. Nevertheless, cylinder pressure sensors on-board installation is still uncommon, due to problems related to unsatisfactory measurement long term reliability and cost. This paper presents a newly developed approach that allows extracting information about combustion effectiveness through the analysis of engine vibrations. In particular, the developed methodology can be used to obtain an accurate estimation of the indicated quantities of interest combining the information provided by engine speed fluctuations measurement and by the signals coming from acceleration transducers mounted on the engine. This paper also reports the results obtained applying the whole methodology to a light-duty turbocharged common rail diesel engine.

Design of An IC Engine Torque Estimator Using Unknown Input Observer

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wha Kim ◽  
Giorgio Rizzoni ◽  
Yue-Yun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Unknown Input ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Engine Torque ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The torque produced by each combustion in an engine is one of the most important indices tied to internal combustion engine performance. In this paper, an approach is investigated to estimate engine torque. Instead of employing expensive and delicate combustion pressure sensors to directly measure indicated pressure in each cylinder, unknown input observers are exploited to estimate cylinder indicated torque using one or more low-cost measurements of crankshaft angular position. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such torque estimators for multi-cylinder engines are presented in the paper; these include the number of angular position sensors required and their suggested placement. Model reduction issues and the number of measurements required to obtain an acceptable estimate are also considered. The approach is applied to a six-cylinder industrial diesel engine.

Engine Performance Monitoring with Cylinder Pressure Sensors

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Ricardo Türksch ◽  
Ulrich Staiger ◽  
Dieter Zeisel
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Cylinder Pressure

Diesel Engine Combustion Sensing Methodology Based on Vibration Analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ponti ◽  
V. Ravaglioli ◽  
N. Cavina ◽  
M. De Cesare
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Real Time Analysis

The increasing request for pollutant emissions reduction spawned a great deal of research in the field of combustion control and monitoring. As a matter of fact, newly developed low temperature combustion strategies for Diesel engines allow obtaining a significant reduction both in particulate matter and NOx emissions, combining the use of high EGR rates with a proper injection strategy. Unfortunately, due to their nature, these innovative combustion strategies are very sensitive to in-cylinder thermal conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain a stable combustion, a closed-loop combustion control methodology is needed. Many works demonstrate that a closed-loop combustion control strategy can be based on real-time analysis of in-cylinder pressure trace, that provides important information about the combustion process, such as start of combustion, center of combustion and torque delivered by each cylinder. Nevertheless, cylinder pressure sensors on-board installation is still uncommon, due to problems related to unsatisfactory measurement long term reliability and cost. This paper presents a newly developed approach that allows extracting information about combustion effectiveness through the analysis of engine vibrations. In particular, the developed methodology can be used to obtain an accurate estimation of the indicated quantities of interest combining the information provided by engine speed fluctuations measurement and by the signals coming from acceleration transducers mounted on the engine. This paper also reports the results obtained applying the whole methodology to a light-duty turbocharged Common Rail Diesel engine.

Semi-empirical estimation model of in-cylinder pressure for compression ignition engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (12) ◽  
pp. 2862-2877
Author(s):  
Youngbok Lee ◽  
Seungha Lee ◽  
Kyoungdoug Min
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Compression Stroke ◽  
Engine Dynamic

There have been significant efforts in recent years to comply with automotive emission regulations. To resolve the issue, researchers have strived to reduce the emissions through combustion control. The heat release rate, or in-cylinder pressure information, is necessary to model engine-out emissions, and can also be used to optimize efficiency and emissions by controlling combustion and estimating torque for torque-based engine dynamic control. Piezoelectric pressure sensors are widely used. However, because of cost and durability issues, there have been studies which estimate the in-cylinder pressure using data available only from the engine control unit to reduce engine costs. Therefore, in this study, in-cylinder pressure was predicted, without additional pressure sensors, in light-duty diesel engines. A variable polytropic exponent model was first adopted during the compression stroke, assuming a polytropic process. A Wiebe function was then applied for describing cumulative heat release rate during the combustion phase. Using the in-cylinder pressure model, it was possible to calculate combustion-related parameters which are frequently used such as ignition delay, combustion duration, peaked pressure, and MFB50 (mass fraction burned: timing when 50% of the fuel is burned) without pressure sensors. Notwithstanding the simplification of the model which is targeting real-time applications, the model can predict the in-cylinder pressure at steady-state conditions. The pressure at the end of compression stroke, at start of main combustion timing, and when it has a peaked value by the main combustion were estimated with accuracy of R2 0.996, 0.993, and 0.956, respectively, in test engine. The model was also validated against a second engine. This study can contribute to emission models that need to calculate in-cylinder temperature using pressure data, and other studies to establish engine control strategies, including optimization through combustion control and torque prediction, which can be applied to engine dynamic control.

Analysis of ion current signal during negative valve overlap of HCCI combustion with high compression ratio

2020 ◽  
pp. 146808742097289
Author(s):  
Maximilian Wick ◽  
Denghao Zhu ◽  
Jun Deng ◽  
Liguang Li ◽  
Jakob Andert
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Current Signal ◽  
Hcci Combustion ◽  
High Compression ◽  
Negative Valve Overlap ◽  
Valve Overlap

Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion is a low temperature combustion process which combines high combustion efficiency with ultra-low [Formula: see text] raw emissions. Steep increases of the in-cylinder pressure and unstable combustion sequences at the limits of the operating range can damage the engine and limit the use of HCCI to part load operation. This can be done using closed loop combustion control based on combustion parameters like the indicated mean effective pressure and the combustion phasing. Since in-cylinder pressure sensors are expensive components and therefore not suitable for series application, ion current sensors can be used as an additional source of information about the combustion. Combustion analysis using methods similar to those used in pressure based measurements can be implemented using an online analysis of the ion current signal. In this study, the ion current sensor will be examined for its suitability for combustion control under HCCI conditions with lean air/fuel ratios and high compression ratios. Research has found that the ion current signal is strongly depended on the boundary conditions. Especially the air/fuel ratio which plays an important role for signal strength during the combustion process. When using valve timings with negative valve overlap in combination with a fuel pre-injection, a further peak of the ion current signal close to the gas exchange top dead center can be found in addition to the one during combustion. At the same time, it is hard to extract information from the cylinder pressure signal during NVO. Under lean conditions this peak even exceeds the signal during combustion. This study analyzes the ion current signal during NVO and its potential to be used for future combustion control concepts. The ion current signal shows potential to stabilize HCCI combustion at high loads. However, the prediction of late combustion cycles is still challenging.

Torque and Center of Combustion Evaluation Through a Torsional Model of the Powertrain

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Ponti ◽  
Vittorio Ravaglioli ◽  
Matteo De Cesare ◽  
Federico Stola
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Harmonic Component ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Engine Management System ◽  
Combustion Control ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Speed Sensor

The continuous development of modern internal combustion engine (ICE) management systems is mainly aimed at combustion control improvement. Nowadays, performing an efficient combustion control is crucial for drivability improvement, efficiency increase (critical for spark ignited engines), and pollutant emissions reduction (critical in compression ignited engines). The most important quantities used for combustion control are engine load (indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) or torque delivered by the engine) and center of combustion, i.e., the angular position in which 50% of fuel burned within the engine cycle is reached. Both quantities can be directly evaluated starting from in-cylinder pressure measurement, which could be performed using the newly developed piezoresistive pressure sensors for on-board applications. However, the use of additional sensors would increase the cost of the whole engine management system. Due to these reasons, over the past years, a methodology that allows evaluating both engine load and the center of combustion with no extra cost has been developed. This approach is based on engine speed fluctuation measurement, which can be performed using the same speed sensor already mounted on-board. The methodology is general and can be applied to different engine–driveline systems with different architectures and combustion orders. Furthermore, it is compatible with on-board requirements, since the evaluation of only one specific harmonic component of interest is required (depending on the engine–driveline configuration under investigation). In order to clarify all the issues related to the application of the presented approach, it has been applied to some different engines, both compression ignited and spark ignited, taking also into account the case of combustion not evenly spaced. For all the analyzed configurations, the results obtained using the estimation algorithm seemed to be adequate to feedback a closed-loop methodology for optimal combustion control.

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