Development of a Soot Load Sensor Using Electrical Capacitance Imaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragibul Huq ◽  
Sohel Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Exhaust After Treatment

This paper presents an innovative approach for measuring particulate matter deposition (soot load) in a diesel particulate filter (DPF) using electrical capacitance imaging. Emission regulations on diesel engines for gaseous as well as particulate matter (soot) emissions are getting stringent every few years by the environment regulatory agencies. Modern diesel engines are equipped with DPFs, as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF, because complete knowledge of DPF soot load is very critical for robust and efficient operation of the engine exhaust after treatment system. In course of time, soot will be deposited inside the DPF which will clog the filter and generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration (active or passive) of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process periodically. Since the regeneration process consumes fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the soot load becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a novel sensing method for a DPF that can measure in situ soot load using electrical capacitance imaging. Experimental results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to measure the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall DPF filtering efficiency and durability of a DPF through appropriate closed-loop regeneration operation.

Soot Load Sensing in a Diesel Particulate Filter via Electrical Capacitance Tomography

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragibul Huq ◽  
Sohel Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Diesel Particulate Filter ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Capacitance Tomography

Diesel engines are widely used in heavy duty trucks and off road vehicles due to their fuel efficiency and high power outputs. Environmental regulatory agencies have pushed ever stringent regulations on all internal combustion engines, including Diesel engines on gaseous as well as particulates (soot) emissions. In order to meet today’s and tomorrow’s stringent emission requirements, modern diesel engines are equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPF’s), as well as on-board technologies to evaluate the status of DPF. In course of time, particulate matter (soot) will be deposited inside the DPFs which tend to clog the filter and hence generate a back pressure in the exhaust system, negatively impacting the fuel efficiency. To remove the soot build-up, regeneration (active or passive) of the DPF must be done as an engine exhaust after treatment process at pre-determined time intervals. Since the regeneration process consume fuel, a robust and efficient operation based on accurate knowledge of the particulate matter deposit (or soot load) becomes essential in order to keep the fuel consumption at a minimum. In this paper, we propose a sensing method for a DPF that can accurately measure in-situ soot load using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT). Simulation results show that the proposed method offers an effective way to accurately estimate the soot load in DPF. The proposed method is expected to have a profound impact in improving overall PM filtering efficiency (and thereby fuel efficiency), and durability of a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) through appropriate closed loop regeneration operation.

An Investigation Into the Causes of Transient Particulate Matter Spikes in Production Diesel Engines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Brahma
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Transient Data ◽  
Charge Flow ◽  
Oxygen Ratio

Particulate matter spikes occurring during transient engine operation have important health implications. This paper investigates the root cause of particulate matter spikes in modern electronically controlled diesel engines that impose strict fuel-Oxygen ratio limits during the turbocharger lag period. It is proposed that these spikes can be significantly reduced by improved estimation of transient charge flow through the engine. Through transient data analysis and with the aid of transient data based empirical models, it has been shown that the fuel-Oxygen ratio restrictions imposed by contemporary engine controllers are ineffective during transients because of temporary but large differences between exhaust and intake manifold pressures during aggressive transients resulting in inaccurate volumetric efficiency and charge flow estimation. Steady state experiments with artificially generated high engine manifold pressure differentials have been conducted to support this hypothesis. The engine manifold pressure differential hypothesis is a consequence of previous investigations to explain the baffling inability of empirical data based models to predict the magnitudes of transient particulate matter spikes. Accurate volumetric efficiency estimation during transients can make the fuel-Oxygen ratio limits more effective at reducing opacity spikes. It would also make model based transient calibration more useful by increasing the accuracy of particulate matter models and by directing any dynamic optimization process to mould calibratable surfaces to minimize engine manifold pressure differential spikes. Fuel efficiency benefits due to lower pumping losses during transients and lower regeneration penalties would also result.

scholarly journals Analysis of the simulation results of various particulate filter configurations in exhaust system of a spark-ignition engine

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Barbara Sokolnicka ◽  
Paweł Fuć ◽  
Natalia Szymlet ◽  
Maciej Siedlecki
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Cell Densities

The article presents the results of exhaust gas flow simulation by three configurations of a ceramic support placed in the engine exhaust system. The carriers differed in the cell density parameters along the entire length of the filter. A filter with a fixed CPSI (Cell per Square Inch) parameter, a filter with two different cell densities and a triple support were tested. For each element of the filter, boundary conditions have been introduced, which define the nature of the flow and define the type of surface of a given element. The composition of the exhaust gases whose flow is simulated was also determined. The initial conditions of the simulation include data on pressure, temperature and velocity. AVL Fire Aftertreatment was used to carry out the simulation. The program is a leading tool for CFD simulation in the field of internal combustion engines.

scholarly journals An Overview of the Influence of Biodiesel, Alcohols, and Various Oxygenated Additives on the Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engines

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puneet Verma ◽  
Svetlana Stevanovic ◽  
Ali Zare ◽  
Gaurav Dwivedi ◽  
Thuy Chu Van ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Oxygenated Additives ◽  
Alcohol Fuels ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Rising pollution levels resulting from vehicular emissions and the depletion of petroleum-based fuels have left mankind in pursuit of alternatives. There are stringent regulations around the world to control the particulate matter (PM) emissions from internal combustion engines. To this end, researchers have been exploring different measures to reduce PM emissions such as using modern combustion techniques, after-treatment systems such as diesel particulate filter (DPF) and gasoline particulate filter (GPF), and alternative fuels. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel (derived from edible, nonedible, and waste resources), alcohol fuels (ethanol, n-butanol, and n-pentanol), and fuel additives have been investigated over the last decade. PM characterization and toxicity analysis is still growing as researchers are developing methodologies to reduce particle emissions using various approaches such as fuel modification and after-treatment devices. To address these aspects, this review paper studies the PM characteristics, health issues, PM physical and chemical properties, and the effect of alternative fuels such as biodiesel, alcohol fuels, and oxygenated additives on PM emissions from diesel engines. In addition, the correlation between physical and chemical properties of alternate fuels and the characteristics of PM emissions is explored.

Advanced Metal Substrate Technology for Large Engine Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment Systems

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Downey ◽  
Ulrich Pfahl
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Metal Substrate ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Aftertreatment System ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Aftertreatment Systems

In the coming years non-road and locomotive diesel engine exhaust gas emissions will become regulated by EPA Tier4 legislation. The stringent emission limits of Tier 4 will require the use of aftertreatment technology currently being used in on-road applications. Based on the potentially large displacements of these engines, the aftertreatment systems will be large and expensive. The flow restriction that is added by the aftertreatment system will result in additional engine pumping work and lower fuel efficiency. The high durability requirements that are demanded of the aftertreatment systems is another factor that needs to be considered. Technologies that reduce complexity, size and cost of the aftertreatment system and minimize incremental fuel consumption are needed. Metal substrate technology offers a number of solutions for the challenges in meeting Tier 4 legislation. The substrates can be used for oxidation catalysts, selective catalytic reduction and slip catalysts depending on what kind of coating is applied to them. The thin wall technology that metal substrates can offer, even at coarse cell densities and lack of required retention mat for system integration provides more open frontal area, leading to lower flow restriction and lower fuel consumption. When designing a modular exhaust system, the shape flexibility will allow for denser packaging of the catalysts. This maximizes the amount of available cross-sectional area, leading to a most compact exhaust system and again better fuel efficiency. Large diameter catalysts can be manufactured in one piece, rather than being joined together from several pieces. A more robust substrate is the outcome.

Evolution of Risk of Diesel Engine Emissions on Health During Last 4 Decades and Comparison With Other Engine Cycles: An Innovative Survey

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bari ◽  
R. Marian
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Ultra Fine Particles

Technological evolution has sometimes surprising and unintended consequences. Diesel engine improved drastically over time. Superficially, this translated into transforming dirty, smoky diesel engines into very clean units. However, the particles emitted by the latest engines are a several orders of magnitude smaller and more numerous. They are known as Ultra-fine particles (UFP). When they are formed in the combustion process, their surface adsorbs and traps harmful chemicals that may end up being delivered, aspired and harming humans, animals and plants. Over 40 mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals are present in diesel exhaust particulates. Existing ceramic type filter for diesel engines, known as diesel particulate filter (DPF), is used to reduce both particulate matter (PM) number and mass concentration. The main disadvantages of DPF are cost, clogging of the filters and mechanical cracking during regeneration which causes them to fail. Alternative to DPF, devices made of metallic materials known as flow through filters (FTF) have become promising PM emission control devices. FTF have low pressure drop and less complex structure compared to DPF, but PM reduction efficiencies much lower than DPF. FTF with corona charging upstream of the filter to charge PM and imposing an electrostatic field onto the FTF to capture the PM is another alternative to DPF. This is known as electrostatic diesel particulate matter filtration system (EDPS). The EDPS has 40% more efficiency than FTF, but 10% less than DPF. This paper presents a thorough literature review on emissions, distribution of particles, their evolution and effects on health in the last 4 decades across spark ignited and compression ignited engines. The paper also discusses the characteristic and evolution of DPF, FTP and EDPS to capture diesel particles.

scholarly journals Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6123
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański ◽  
Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions

The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

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