Contribution Ratio Study of Fuel Alcohol and Gasoline on the Alcohol and Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Gasohol Engine

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanju Wei ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Wenrui Wang ◽  
Shenghua Liu ◽  
Yajing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Contribution Ratio ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Alcohol Fraction ◽  
Alcohol Fuel

Methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH) are generally called alcohol. They can be mixed with gasoline to fuel SI engine. The fuel blends of alcohol and gasoline are named gasohol. Alcohol emission characteristics and the contributions of fuel on hydrocarbon (HC) emission were experimentally investigated on a three-cylinder, electronic controlled, spark ignition JL368Q3 engine when it ran on 10 (v/v) %, 20 (v/v) %, and 85 (v/v) % methanol/gasoline and ethanol/gasoline fuel blends. Experimental results show that, the value of alcohol emission rates (g alcohol emission per kg alcohol fuel, g/kg.) is a decreasing exponential function of exhaust temperature with high correlation; regardless of the alcohol fraction in fuel blends, the CH3OH emission rate is no more than 8%, while that of C2H5OH no more than 35%. The emission rate of nonalcohol HC was one grade higher than the alcohol emission rate; the minimum HC emission rate occurs at middle and high engine loads, it is around 40% for methanol/gasoline blends and about 50% for ethanol/gasoline blends. Gasoline is the main source of HC emission of gasohol engine, methanol contributes no more than 8% while ethanol no more than 25% on HC emission.

Exposure level and emission characteristics of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide in poultry buildings of South Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1168-1176
Author(s):  
Ki Y. Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Building Area ◽  
Broiler House

The purpose of this study is to estimate the concentrations and emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide released from poultry buildings situated in South Korea by field investigation. Mean concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide emitted from poultry buildings were 18.8 (±4.90) ppm and 945 (±519) ppb for caged layer house, 15.2 (±3.21) ppm and 603 (±274) ppb for broiler house, and 6.45 (±1.85) ppm and 247 (±184) ppb for layer house with manure belt, respectively. Seasonal variations in concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide in poultry building were observed highest in winter, lowest in summer (p < 0.01). Based on animal unit (AU), mean emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide were 4493 (±2095) mg AU−1 h−1 and 4493 (±2095) mg AU−1 h−1, respectively. Those of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide in terms of poultry building area were 278 (±130) mg m−2 h−1 and 12.3 (±9.20) mg m−2 h−1, respectively. Exposure level and emission rate of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide were highest in caged layer house, followed by broiler house and layer house with manure belt (p < 0.05). This finding implicates that the caged layer house among types of poultry building in South Korea should be managed optimally to lessen generation of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide.

scholarly journals Fuel Microemulsions for Jet Engine Smoke Reduction

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Naegeli ◽  
C. A. Moses
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Alcohol Fuel ◽  
Test Cells

The concept of water and alcohol/fuel microemulsions for the purpose of reducing smoke emissions from jet engine test cells was studied in a T-63 gas turbine combustor. Several ethanol/fuel, methanol/fuel, and water/fuel microemulsions were prepared with JP-4 and JP-8 base fuels and the appropriate surfactants; anhydrous ethanol was miscible in both base fuels. These blends reduced radiation and exhaust smoke, increased CO and total hydrocarbon emissions, and decreased combustion efficiency. NOx was reduced when the surfactant did not contain nitrogen. The reductions in smoke and radiation correlated with changes in the H/C ratio of the fuel blends. Anhydrous ethanol/fuel solutions were most effective in reducing smoke from the standpoint of cost, operational, and systems effects.

Fuel Microemulsions for Jet Engine Smoke Reduction

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Naegeli ◽  
C. A. Moses
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
Ethanol Fuel ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Alcohol Fuel ◽  
Test Cells

The concept of water and alcohol/fuel microemulsions for the purpose of reducing smoke emissions from jet engine test cells was studied in a T-63 gas turbine combustor. Several ethanol/fuel, methanol/fuel, and water/fuel microemulsions were prepared with JP-4 and JP-8 base fuels and the appropriate surfactants; anhydrous ethanol was miscible in both base fuels. These blends reduced radiation and exhaust smoke, increased CO and total hydrocarbon emissions, and decreased combustion efficiency. NOx was reduced when the surfactant did not contain nitrogen. The reductions in smoke and radiation correlated with changes in the H/C ratio of the fuel blends. Anhydrous ethanol/fuel solutions were most effective in reducing smoke from the standpoint of cost, operational, and systems effects.

scholarly journals Two Independent Light Dilution Corrections for the SO2 Camera Retrieve Comparable Emission Rates at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Matthew Varnam ◽  
Mike Burton ◽  
Ben Esse ◽  
Giuseppe Salerno ◽  
Ryunosuke Kazahaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Camera Calibration ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Depth Images ◽  
Masaya Volcano ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Volcanic Emission

SO2 cameras are able to measure rapid changes in volcanic emission rate but require accurate calibrations and corrections to convert optical depth images into slant column densities. We conducted a test at Masaya volcano of two SO2 camera calibration approaches, calibration cells and co-located spectrometer, and corrected both calibrations for light dilution, a process caused by light scattering between the plume and camera. We demonstrate an advancement on the image-based correction that allows the retrieval of the scattering efficiency across a 2D area of an SO2 camera image. When appropriately corrected for the dilution, we show that our two calibration approaches produce final calculated emission rates that agree with simultaneously measured traverse flux data and each other but highlight that the observed distribution of gas within the image is different. We demonstrate that traverses and SO2 camera techniques, when used together, generate better plume speed estimates for traverses and improved knowledge of wind direction for the camera, producing more reliable emission rates. We suggest combining traverses and the SO2 camera should be adopted where possible.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and Related Physiological Parameters Differences Affected the Isoprene Emission Rate among 10 Typical Tree Species in Subtropical Metropolises

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 954
Author(s):  
Junyao Lyu ◽  
Feng Xiong ◽  
Ningxiao Sun ◽  
Yiheng Li ◽  
Chunjiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Isoprene Emission

Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emission is an important cause of photochemical smog and particulate pollution in urban areas, and urban vegetation has been presented as an important source. Different tree species have different emission levels, so adjusting greening species collocation is an effective way to control biogenic VOC pollution. However, there is a lack of measurements of tree species emission in subtropical metropolises, and the factors influencing the species-specific differences need to be further clarified. This study applied an in situ method to investigate the isoprene emission rates of 10 typical tree species in subtropical metropolises. Photosynthesis and related parameters including photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate, which can influence the emission rate of a single species, were also measured. Results showed Salix babylonica always exhibited a high emission level, whereas Elaeocarpus decipiens and Ligustrum lucidum maintained a low level throughout the year. Differences in photosynthetic rate and stomatal CO2 conductance are the key parameters related to isoprene emission among different plants. Through the establishment of emission inventory and determination of key photosynthetic parameters, the results provide a reference for the selection of urban greening species, as well as seasonal pollution control, and help to alleviate VOC pollution caused by urban forests.

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