Thermal Processing of Biological Tissue at High Temperatures: Impact of Protein Denaturation and Water Loss on the Thermal Properties of Human and Porcine Liver in the Range 25–80 °C

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeunghwan Choi ◽  
Michael Morrissey ◽  
John C. Bischof
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Property ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
Heat Denaturation ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Engineering Applications ◽  
Porcine Liver ◽  
Apparent Specific Heat

Biothermal engineering applications impose thermal excursions on tissues with an ensuing biological outcome (i.e., life or death) that is tied to the molecular state of water and protein in the system. The accuracy of heat transfer models used to predict these important processes in turn depends on the kinetics and energy absorption of molecular transitions for both water and protein and the underlying temperature dependence of the tissue thermal properties. Unfortunately, a lack of tissue thermal property data in the literature results in an overreliance on property estimates. This work addresses these thermal property limitations in liver, a platform tissue upon which hyperthermic engineering applications are routinely performed and a test bed that will allow extension to further tissue property measurement in the future. Specifically, we report on the thermal properties of cadaveric human and porcine liver in the suprazero range between 25 °C to 80 °C for thermal conductivity and 25 °C to 85 °C for apparent specific heat. Denaturation and water vaporization are shown to reduce thermal conductivity and apparent specific heat within the samples by up to 20% during heating. These changes in thermal properties significantly altered thermal histories during heating compared to conditions when properties were assumed to remain constant. These differences are expected to alter the biological outcome from heating as well.

Thermal Characterization of Carbon-Carbon Composites

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Messiha Saad ◽  
Darryl Baker ◽  
Rhys Reaves
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Flash Method ◽  
Carbon Composites ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Graphitized Carbon

Thermal properties of materials such as specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are very important in the engineering design process and analysis of aerospace vehicles as well as space systems. These properties are also important in power generation, transportation, and energy storage devices including fuel cells and solar cells. Thermal conductivity plays a critical role in the performance of materials in high temperature applications. Thermal conductivity is the property that determines the working temperature levels of the material, and it is an important parameter in problems involving heat transfer and thermal structures. The objective of this research is to develop thermal properties data base for carbon-carbon and graphitized carbon-carbon composite materials. The carbon-carbon composites tested were produced by the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process using T300 2-D carbon fabric and Primaset PT-30 cyanate ester. The graphitized carbon-carbon composite was heat treated to 2500°C. The flash method was used to measure the thermal diffusivity of the materials; this method is based on America Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM E1461 standard. In addition, the differential scanning calorimeter was used in accordance with the ASTM E1269 standard to determine the specific heat. The thermal conductivity was determined using the measured values of their thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and the density of the materials.

Experimental Study on Thermal Properties of Hollow Sphere Structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 407 ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Josef Tomas ◽  
Andreas Öchsner ◽  
Markus Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Hollow Sphere ◽  
Plane Source ◽  
Source Method ◽  
Transient Plane Source ◽  
Transient Plane Source Method

Experimental analyses are performed to determine thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric specific heat with transient plane source method on hollow sphere structures. Single-sided testing is used on different samples and different surfaces. Results dependency on the surface is observed.

Determination of the Thermal Properties of a PCB by Coupled Numerical and Experimental Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yener Usul ◽  
Mustafa Özçatalbaş
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Conductivity

Abstract Increasing demand for usage of electronics intensely in narrow enclosures necessitates accurate thermal analyses to be performed. Conduction based FEM (Finite Element Method) is a common and practical way to examine the thermal behavior of an electronic system. First step to perform a numerical analysis for any system is to set up the correct analysis model. In this paper, a method for obtaining the coefficient of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of a PCB which has generally a complex composite layup structure composed of conductive layers, and dielectric layers. In the study, above mentioned properties are obtained performing a simple nondestructive experiment and a numerical analysis. In the method, a small portion of PCB is sandwiched from one side at certain pressure by jaws. A couple of linear temperature profiles are applied to the jaws successively. Unknown values are tuned in the analysis model until the results of FEM analysis and experiment match. The values for the coefficient of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity which the experiment and numerical analysis results match can be said to be the actual values. From this point on, the PCB whose thermal properties are determined can be analyzed numerically for any desired geometry and boundary condition.

scholarly journals Thermal Properties of Yttrium Aluminum Garnett From Molecular Dynamics Simulations

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid S. al-Dosari ◽  
D. G. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet ◽  
System Size ◽  
Yttrium Aluminum ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12) and its varieties have applications in thermographic phosphors, lasing mediums, and thermal barriers. In this work, thermal properties of crystalline YAG where aluminum atoms are substituted with gallium atoms (Y3(Al1−xGax)5O12) are explored with molecular dynamics simulations. For YAG at 300K, the simulations gave values close to experimental values for constant-pressure specific heat, thermal expansion, and bulk thermal conductivity. For various values of x, the simulations predicted no change in thermal expansion, an increase in specific heat, and a decrease in thermal conductivity for x = 50%. Furthermore, the simulations predicted a decrease in thermal conductivity with decreasing system size.

scholarly journals Thermal properties of closed-cell aluminum foam with circular pores

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1619-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Yun Lu ◽  
Bu-Yun Su ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Li ◽  
Zhi-Hua Wang ◽  
Wei-Dong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Property ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Apparent Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Simulation Results

The thermal property of closed-cell aluminum foam is studied numerically and the effects of the distribution of the circular pore on the thermal property are studied theoretically. When the convection and radiation are ignored, the effects of porosity, cell size, and distribution forms of pore on the apparent thermal conductivity are investigated. Moreover, the effects of air in the pore on the thermal property are analyzed as well. Simulation results show that apparent thermal conductivity linearly increases with the increase of porosity, while the cell size and the distribution have negligible effects on the thermal property. By comparison, thermal conductivity of air has slight effect on thermal property of foamed aluminum in the context of small size pore.

scholarly journals Mechanisms behind the enhancement of thermal properties of graphene nanofluids

Nanoscale ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (32) ◽  
pp. 15402-15409 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Rodríguez-Laguna ◽  
A. Castro-Alvarez ◽  
M. Sledzinska ◽  
J. Maire ◽  
F. Costanzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity

While the dispersion of nanomaterials is known to be effective in enhancing the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of fluids, the mechanisms behind this enhancement remain to be elucidated.

Influence of Mesocarp Fibre Inclusion on Thermal Properties of Foamed Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Siti Shahirah Suhaili ◽  
Md Azree Othuman Mydin ◽  
Hanizam Awang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Diffusivity ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Specific Heat Capacity ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Foamed Concrete

The addition of mesocarp fibre as a bio-composite material in foamed concrete can be well used in building components to provide energy efficiency in the buildings if the fibre could also offer excellent thermal properties to the foamed concrete. It has practical significance as making it a suitable material for building that can reduce heat gain through the envelope into the building thus improved the internal thermal comfort. Hence, the aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of different volume fractions of mesocarp fibre on thermal properties of foamed concrete. The mesocarp fibre was prepared with 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60% by volume fraction and then incorporated into the 600, 1200 and 1800 kg/m3 density of foamed concrete with constant cement-sand ratio of 1:1.5 and water-cement ratio of 0.45. Hot disk thermal constant analyser was used to attain the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity of foamed concrete of various volume fractions and densities. From the experimental results, it had shown that addition of mesocarp fibre of 10-40% by volume fraction resulting in low thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity and high the thermal diffusivity of foamed concrete with 600 and 1800 kg/m3 density compared to the control mix while the optimum amount of mesocarp fibre only limit up to 30% by volume fraction for 1200 kg/m3 density compared to control mix. The results demonstrated a very high correlation between thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity which R2 value more than 90%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanofluids Useful in Concentrated Solar Power Plants Produced by New Mixing Methodologies for Large-Scale Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manila Chieruzzi ◽  
Adio Miliozzi ◽  
Tommaso Crescenzi ◽  
José M. Kenny ◽  
Luigi Torre
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Alumina Nanoparticles ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Salt Mixture ◽  
Silica Alumina

In this study, different nanofluids (NFs) were developed by mixing a molten salt mixture (60% NaNO3–40% KNO3) with 1.0 wt % of silica–alumina nanoparticles using different methods. These NFs can be used as thermal energy storage materials in concentrating solar plants with a reduction of storage material if the thermal properties of the base fluid are increased. New mixing procedures without sonication were introduced with the aim to avoid the sonication step and to allow the production of a greater amount of NF with a procedure potentially more suitable for large-scale productions. For this purpose, two mechanical mixers and a magnetic stirrer were used. Each NF was prepared in aqueous solution with a concentration of 100 g/l. The effect of different concentrations (300 g/l and 500 g/l) was also studied with the most effective mixer. Specific heat, melting temperature, and latent heat were measured by means of differential scanning calorimeter. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity in the solid state were also evaluated. The results show that the highest increase of the specific heat was obtained with 100 g/l both in solid (up to 31%) and in liquid phase (up to 14%) with the two mechanical mixers. The same NFs also showed higher amount of stored heat. An increase in thermal conductivity and diffusivity was also detected for high solution concentrations with a maximum of 25% and 47%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses revealed that the grain size in the NFs is much smaller than in the salt mixture, especially for the NF showing the highest thermal properties increase, and a better nanoparticles distribution is achieved with the lowest concentration. NFs with enhanced thermal properties can be synthesized in a cost-effective form in high concentrated aqueous solutions by using mechanical mixers.

Thermal Properties of Nanotubes and Nanowires With Acoustically Stiffened Surfaces

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. P. Bifano ◽  
Vikas Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Phonon Dispersion ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Frequency Equation ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Phonon Confinement ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Acoustic Tuning

A core-shell elasticity model is employed to investigate the effect of a nanowire and nanotube’s increased surface moduli on specific heat, ballistic thermal conductance, and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. Phonon confinement is analyzed using approximated phonon dispersion relations that result from solutions to the frequency equation of a vibrating rod and tube. The results indicate a maximum 10% decrease in lattice thermal conductivity and ballistic thermal conductance near 160 K for a 10 nm outer diameter nanotube with an inner diameter of 5 nm when the average Young’s Modulus of both the inner and outer free surfaces is increased by a factor of 1.53. In the presence of the acoustically stiffened surfaces, the specific heat of the nanotube is found to decrease by up to 20% at 160 K. Near room temperature, changes in thermal properties are less severe. In contrast, a 10 nm outer diameter nanowire composed of similar material exhibits up to a 12% maximum increase in thermal conductivity at 600 K, a 25% increase in ballistic thermal conductance at 400 K, and a 48% increase in specific heat at 470 K when its outer free surface is acoustically stiffened to the same degree. Our simplified model may be extended to investigate the acoustic tuning of nanowires and nanotubes by inducing surface stiffening or softening via appropriate surface chemical functionalization and coatings.

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