Problems in the Mechanical Design of Gas Turbines

1947 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. A99-A102
Author(s):  
Ronald B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Mechanical Design

Abstract High temperatures involved in the operation of the gas turbine have introduced many new problems in the properties of the metals with which the designer has to work. This paper outlines some of these and offers a line of approach taken successfully by the author’s company in solving them.

An Improved Nickel Based MIMS Thermocouple for High Temperature Gas Turbine Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Scervini ◽  
Catherine Rae
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Material Science ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Type K ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A new Nickel based thermocouple for high temperature applications in gas turbines has been devised at the Department of Material Science and Metallurgy of the University of Cambridge. This paper describes the new features of the thermocouple, the drift tests on the first prototype and compares the behaviour of the new sensor with conventional mineral insulated metal sheathed Type K thermocouples: the new thermocouple has a significant improvement in terms of drift and temperature capabilities. Metallurgical analysis has been undertaken on selected sections of the thermocouples exposed at high temperatures which rationalises the reduced drift of the new sensor. A second prototype will be tested in follow-on research, from which further improvements in drift and temperature capabilities are expected.

Research and Development of Practical Industrial Cogeneration Technology in Japan

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Abe ◽  
Takashi Sugiura ◽  
Shuji Okunaga ◽  
Katsuhiro Nojima ◽  
Yasukata Tsutsui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Resistance To Heat

This paper presents an overview of a development project involving industrial cogeneration technology using 8,000-kW class hybrid gas turbines in which both metal and ceramics are used in parts subject to high temperatures in order to achieve high efficiency and low pollution. The development of hybrid gas turbines focuses mainly on the earlier commercialization of the turbine system. Stationary parts such as combustor liners, transition ducts, and first-stage turbine nozzles (stationary blades) are expected to be fabricated from ceramics. The project aims at developing material for these ceramic parts that will have a superior resistance to heat and oxidation. The project also aims at designing and prototyping a hybrid gas turbine system to analyze the operation in order to improve the performance. Furthermore, the prototyped hybrid gas turbine system will be tested for long-term operation (4,000 hours) to verify that the system can withstand commercialization. Studies will be conducted to ensure that the system’s soundness and reliability are sufficient for industrial cogeneration applications.

New Catalytic Combustion Technology for Very Low Emissions Gas Turbines

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Dalla Betta ◽  
J. C. Schlatter ◽  
S. G. Nickolas ◽  
D. K. Yee ◽  
T. Shoji
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Catalytic Combustion ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Gas Turbine Combustors ◽  
Homogeneous Combustion ◽  
Combustion Technology

A catalytic combustion system has been developed which feeds full fuel and air to the catalyst but avoids exposure of the catalyst to the high temperatures responsible for deactivation and thermal shock fracture of the supporting substrate. The combustion process is initiated by the catalyst and is completed by homogeneous combustion in the post catalyst region where the highest temperatures are obtained. This has been demonstrated in subscale test rigs at pressures up to 14 atmospheres and temperatures above 1300°C (2370°F). At pressures and gas linear velocities typical of gas turbine combustors, the measured emissions from the catalytic combustion system are NOx < 1 ppm, CO < 2 ppm and UHC < 2 ppm, demonstrating the capability to achieve ultra low NOx and at the same time low CO and UHC.

scholarly journals Identification of wavelength regions for non-contact temperature measurement of combustion gases at high temperatures and high pressures

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
MATTHIAS ZIPF ◽  
JOCHEN MANARA ◽  
THOMAS STARK ◽  
MARIACARLA ARDUINI ◽  
HANS-PETER EBERT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Radiation Thermometer ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Gas Cell

Stationary gas turbines are still an important part of today’s power supply. With increasing temperature of the hot combustion gas inside a gas turbine, the efficiency factor of the turbine increases. For this reason, it is intended to operate turbines at the highest possible gas temperature. Therefore, in the combustion chamber and especially at the position of the first stage guide vanes the gas temperature needs to be measured reliably. To determine the gas temperature, one promising approach is the application of a non-contact measurement method using a radiation thermometer. A radiation thermometer can measure the gas temperature remotely from outside of the harsh environment. At ZAE Bayern, a high temperature and high-pressure gas cell has been developed for this purpose in order to investigate gases and gas mixtures under defined conditions at high pressures and high temperatures. This gas cell can be placed in a FTIR-spectrometer in order to characterize the infrared-optical properties of the gases. In this work the measurement setup is introduced and gas mixtures, which are relevant for gas turbine applications are analyzed thoroughly. The derived results are presented and discussed in detail. To identify suitable wavelength regions for non-contact gas temperature measurements, first tests have been performed. Based on these tests, an appropriate wavelength region could be chosen, where future gas temperature measurements can be carried out.

Rosenhain Centenary Conference - 3. Materials development present and future 3.8. Nickel base materials developments for high temperatures

1976 ◽  
Vol 282 (1307) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Physical Metallurgy ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Nickel Base

The purpose of this paper is to review the development of nickel base alloys for service at high temperatures with particular reference to their use in gas turbines. Although the development has included a broad range of alloys designed for a variety of service conditions, it is characterized by the family of age-hardening compositions known as the ‘superalloys’. Other papers in the conference will be devoted to the contribution which these alloys have made to the gas turbine industry. Nonetheless, it is worth remarking here that improvements in the physical metallurgy and processing of the superalloys have made possible an average increase of 10 K per year in operating temperature over the last 35 years; a record unmatched by any other alloy development. When added to the increased gas temperature made possible by integral cooling of components in the turbine, itself greatly assisted by developments in the metallurgy of fabrication and casting, it is not surprising that the engineer has been able to transform the gas turbine from a curiosity into one of the fundamental power generating machines in a period of about 30 years.

Some Problems in the Manufacture of Experimental Gas Turbines

1950 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Leedham
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Structural Parts ◽  
Axial Turbines ◽  
Turbine Design

The gas turbine has created new workshop problems arising from the use of special materials and from the complexity of some of its component parts. The construction of experimental sets calls for much improvisation to avoid heavy expenditure on special tools and machines, and the paper gives examples of methods which meet this requirement. Blading for axial turbines and compressors when required only in small numbers, as in the manufacture of experimental sets, is probably the major problem and cannot be met without the provision of some special facilities, the basis of which is usually copy machining. One of the most notable developments has been the use of sheet metal in the gas turbine, not only for the combustion system but also for structural parts, many of which are subject to severe conditions imposed by high temperatures, and fatigue stressing. The highest grade workmanship is essential in this connexion, to ensure reasonable life, free from failure. The special demands of gas-turbine design are constantly giving rise to new manufacturing techniques and the paper deals briefly with some of these, such as those associated with welded rotors and precision forged blading.

Some Factors in the Use of High Temperatures in Gas Turbines

1950 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. F. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Useful Power

A comparison is made between gas-turbine cycles with inlet temperatures of 1,250 and 2,200 deg. F. The use of high inlet temperatures necessitates cooling; the effect of air and water cooling in turbines is examined, and equations are given and used to show the factors controlling cooling loss. A cooling-loss factor is also derived which gives the turbine efficiency obtainable with various degrees of cooling. A cycle with an inlet temperature of 2,200 deg. F. is examined to show the effect of air or water cooling. With water cooling the steam generated is then considered either to provide an increase in useful power or to pre-cool the inlet air. For greater efficiency the steam should be used to increase the power delivered. Practical considerations and a proposed marine layout are given, together with a series of conclusions. Appendices are also included giving the assumptions made and derivations of the equations.

An Improved Nickel Based MIMS Thermocouple for High Temperature Gas Turbine Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Scervini ◽  
Catherine Rae
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Material Science ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Type K ◽  
Metallurgical Analysis ◽  
The University ◽  
High Temperature Gas

A new nickel based thermocouple for high temperature applications in gas turbines has been devised at the Department of Material Science and Metallurgy of the University of Cambridge. This paper describes the new features of the thermocouple, the drift tests on the first prototype, and compares the behavior of the new sensor with conventional mineral insulated metal sheathed Type K thermocouples: the new thermocouple has a significant improvement in terms of drift and temperature capabilities. Metallurgical analysis has been undertaken on selected sections of the thermocouples exposed at high temperatures, which rationalizes the reduced drift of the new sensor. A second prototype will be tested in subsequent research, from which further improvements in drift and temperature capabilities are expected.

Oxidation Characteristics of Nickel Based Superalloys in Steam

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vimal H. Desai ◽  
Dnyanesh C. Tamboli ◽  
N. S. Cheruvu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Life Prediction ◽  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Inconel 617 ◽  
Useful Life

An improvement in the efficiency of land based gas turbines is sought by replacing air with steam for the internal cooling of hot gas path components. However, the degradation behavior and mechanisms associated with the interaction of superalloys with steam at high temperatures are unknown. This information is very crucial for the reliability as well as for useful life prediction of the gas turbine components. In this work, oxidation in steam has been studied for three nickel based superalloys commonly used in the gas turbines. These are IN 738, Inconel 617, and CMSX-4. The study was carried out at four different test temperatures in the range of 800° C to 950° C for times up to 1400 hours. The results indicated significantly different oxidation behavior in steam compared to air for all the alloys tested.

Design of a 400 kW Gas Turbine Prototype

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahti Jaatinen-Värri ◽  
Janne Nerg ◽  
Antti Uusitalo ◽  
Behnam Ghalamchi ◽  
Nikita Uzhegov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Reciprocating Engines ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
Electrical Power Output ◽  
Prototype Design

Decentralized power and heat generation is a growing trend throughout the world. In smaller applications, electrical power output less than few megawatts, reciprocating engines have dominated the market. In recent years, small sized gas turbines have emerged as challengers for the reciprocating engines. The small gas turbines have a growing share of the decentralized energy market, which itself is rapidly growing. Hence, improvements in small gas turbine efficiency have a significant impact from the economic and environmental perspective. In this paper, the design of a high efficiency 400 kW gas turbine prototype is described and discussed. The prototype is a two-spool, recuperated and intercooled gas turbine where both spools comprise of a radial compressor and turbine, a permanent magnet electric generator, an axial and two radial active magnetic bearings and two safety bearings. The prototype design was divided into five categories and each of the categories are discussed. The categories were: the process design, the turbomachinery design, the generator and electrical design, bearing design and rotor dynamic analysis, and mechanical design. The design of recuperator, intercooler, and combustion chamber were outsourced. Hence, they are not discussed in this paper. The prototype design process showed the readiness of the chosen technological selections, as well it showed that the type of machine under discussion can be designed and manufactured.

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