scholarly journals Discussion: “Structural Error Analysis in Plane Kinematic Synthesis” (Freudenstein, Ferdinand, 1959, ASME J. Eng. Ind., 81, pp. 15–21)

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Sandor
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Structural Error

Structural Error Analysis in Plane Kinematic Synthesis

1959 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Freudenstein
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Generation Mechanism ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Structural Error ◽  
Approximate Synthesis ◽  
Servo Loop

Methods are developed for estimating and obtaining minimum structural error in the approximate synthesis of plane, function, or path-generating mechanisms. The application to a four-bar function generation mechanism is worked out with the aid of a large-scale digital computer used in the manner of a servo loop.

scholarly journals الأخطاء التركيبية لدى متعلمي اللغة العربية للناطقين بغيرها: دراسة تحليلية/ Structural Error of Non-native Arabic Learners: An analytical study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Al-Shabel ◽  
Mustafa Bany Ziyab
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Psychological Factor ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Structural Error ◽  
Grammatical Errors

ملخص البحث:      هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل الأخطاء التركيبية اللغوية: الصوتية، والصرفية، والنحوية، لدى متعلمي اللغة العربية بوصفها ثانية، وذلك عن طريق التعرف إلى أسبابها، والعوامل التي تؤدي إلى الوقوع فيها، ومظاهر تلك الأخطاء، والكشف عن تلك الأخطاء التركيبية الشائعة لدى متعلمي اللغة العربية كلغة ثانية، ومحاولة تصنيفها، واتجاهات تحليل تلك الأخطاء حسب نظريات تعليم اللغة الحديثة وتعلمها، والاقتراحات والحلول لعلاج تلك الأخطاء. وقد دلت النتائج التي أشارت إليها بعض الدراسات التي تناولت هذا الجانب أن أسباب الأخطاء التركيبية لدى متعلمي العربية كلغة ثانية تعود إلى: فرط التعميم، أو القياس الخاطئ، أو الترجمة الحرفية، أو استعمال اللغة دون الاستعداد والتحضير، وبعض تلك الأخطاء سببه نفسيّ: كالقلق، أو التعب والإرهاق، ومنها أسباب بيولوجية، وتمّت مناقشة تلك الأسباب، وكيفية معالجتها، وختمت الدراسة بمجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات ذات الفائدة للدارسين، والباحثين، وأهل الاختصاص. الكلمات المفتاحية: مستويات اللغة-التراكيب اللغوية-نظريات تعليم اللغة-اتجاهات تحليل الأخطاء اللغوية-الأخطاء التركيبية.   Abstract This study aims at analyzing the syntactic, linguistic, and grammatical errors of the learners of Arabic as a second language, by identifying the causes, the factors that lead to them, the manifestations of those errors and the detection of these syntactical errors that are common among the Arabic language learners as a second language. The study attempts to classify them and categorizes these errors according to the theories of modern language teaching in addition to suggesting solutions to remedy those errors.The results indicated that the reasons for the syntactic mistakes committed by the learners of Arabic as a second language are due to excessive generalization, wrong measurement, literal translation, or use of language without preparation. Some of these mistakes are caused by a psychological factor such as exhaustion or tiredness and other biological causes which were discussed and deliberated in addition to finding solutions to them. The study concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations that would be of interest to scholars, researchers, and specialists in the field.   Keywords: language levels - language structures - language teaching theories -linguistic error analysis trends - structural mistakes.   Abstrak Kajian in bertujuan untuk menanalisa kesalahan tatabahasa dan penggunaan bahasa para pelajar bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua dengan mengenalpasti sebab-sebab, faktor yang membawa kepada perkara tersebut, manifestasi kesalahan tersebut serta cara mengesan kesalahan tersebut yang merupakan perkara yang biasa dalam kalangan pelajar bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi kesalahan-kesalahan mereka mengikut teori-teori moden bahasa dan juga untuk turut menangani kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut.  Kesimpulan kajian menunjukkan bahawa sebab-sebab untuk kesalahan tatabahasa yang dilakukan oleh para pelajar bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa kedua adalah disebabkan oleh sifat generalisasi yang berlebihan, analogi yang salah, terjemahan harfiyah atau penggunaan bahasa tanpa persediaan. Sebahagian kesilapan-kesilapan ini adalah disebabkan oleh faktor psykologi seperti kepenatan dan sebab-sebab bilogi lain yang telah dibincangkan disamping mencari penyelesaian untuk masalah tersebut. Kajian ini merumuskan beberapa pemerhatian dan cadangan yang akan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh para pengkaji, cendekiawan and pakar dalam bidang tersebut.   Katakunci: Tahap-tahap bahasa – struktur bahasa – teori pengajaran bahasa – teori analisa kesalahan bahasa – kesalahan sruktur

Heuristic Combinatorial Optimization in the Kinematic Design of Mechanisms—Part 2: Applications

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Lee ◽  
F. Freudenstein
Keyword(s):  
Combinatorial Optimization ◽  
Heuristic Algorithm ◽  
Time Function ◽  
Printing Press ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Dimensional Synthesis ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Variable Speed Drive ◽  
Kinematic Design ◽  
Structural Error

The heuristic algorithm, developed in Part 1, is applied here to solve certain realistic mechanisms synthesis problems. These include dimensional synthesis of a rotary-to-linear recording mechanisms for minimum structural error, torque minimization of a variable-speed drive, and kinematic synthesis of the printing-bed drive of a printing-press mechanism with optimization of displacement-time function of working stroke. The solution of these problems represents a confirmation of the effectiveness of the algorithm, and at the same time the problems we have selected are believed to be significant representatives of unsolved or partially solved problems in the mechanisms design field.

A Function Generation Synthesis Methodology for All Defect-Free Slider-Crank Solutions for Four Precision Points

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Almandeel ◽  
Andrew P. Murray ◽  
David H. Myszka ◽  
Herbert E. Stumph
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis Problem ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Zero Velocity ◽  
Structural Error ◽  
Mechanical Press ◽  
Synthesis Methodology ◽  
Slide Velocity

The well-established methodology for slider-crank function generation states that five precision points can be achieved without structural error. The resulting designs, however, do not necessarily satisfy all of the kinematic requirements for designing a slider-crank linkage used in common machine applications such as driving the ram of a mechanical press. First, linkage solutions to the five precision point synthesis problem may need to change circuits to reach the precision points. Second, there is no guarantee that the input crank is fully rotatable. This paper presents a modification to the function generation synthesis methodology that reveals a continuum of defect-free, slider-crank solutions for four precision points. Additionally, the methodology allows the specification of velocity or acceleration at the precision points. Although smaller accelerations at a point of zero slide velocity are associated with longer dwell, a point having zero velocity and acceleration is shown not to be possible. Examples are included to illustrate this kinematic synthesis methodology.

Isolated structural error analysis of printed mathematical expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1097-1107
Author(s):  
P. Pavan Kumar ◽  
Arun Agarwal ◽  
Chakravarthy Bhagvati
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Expressions ◽  
Structural Error

Motion Error Analysis for A 3-DOF Parallel Robot

2012 ◽  
Vol 460 ◽  
pp. 347-350
Author(s):  
Shi Jie Hu
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Parallel Robots ◽  
Error Modeling ◽  
Kinematics Analysis ◽  
Motion Error ◽  
Clear Tendency ◽  
Structural Error

Motion accuracy is one of the key point for parallel robots. In the paper, error modeling and motion error analysis of a 3-DOF parallel robot 3-PRS has been studied in this paper. First, the 3-PRS parallel robot and its kinematics has been introduced with its kinematics analysis. Based on the reverse kinematics analysis of 3-PRS, the motion error has been modeled. Then, motion error analysis has been performed for 3-PRS. The analysis results show the clear tendency of structural error effects on the motion errors.

Kinematic Synthesis of a Geared Five-Bar Function Generator

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur G. Erdman ◽  
George N. Sandor
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Function Generator ◽  
Kinematic Synthesis ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Function Generation ◽  
Structural Error ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Angular Displacements

A general closed form method of planar kinematic synthesis, using complex numbers to represent link vectors, is applied to the synthesis of a geared five-bar linkage for function generation. Equations are derived and a computer program is developed to yield several solutions. Angular displacements of the input, a cycloidal crank, and the output, a simple follower, are used as linear analogs of the independent and the dependent variables, respectively. A method is demonstrated for six precision conditions (three first, three second-order precision conditions). Numerical examples are included, and the structural error of these geared five-bars are compared to that of optimized four-bar linkages generating the same functions.

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