A Scale Analysis Based Theoretical Force Balance Model for Critical Heat Flux (CHF) During Saturated Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Minichannels

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish G. Kandlikar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Error Band

Accurate prediction of critical heat flux (CHF) in microchannels and minichannels is of great interest in estimating the safe operational limits of cooling systems employing flow boiling. Scale analysis is applied to identify the relevant forces leading to the CHF condition. Using these forces, a local parameter model is developed to predict the flow boiling CHF. The theoretical model is an extension of an earlier pool boiling CHF model and incorporates force balance among the evaporation momentum, surface tension, inertia, and viscous forces. Weber number, capillary number, and a new nondimensional group introduced earlier by Kandlikar (2004, “Heat Transfer Mechanisms During Flow Boiling in Microchannels,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 126, pp. 8–16), K2, representing the ratio of evaporation momentum to surface tension forces, emerged as main groups in quantifying the narrow channel effects on CHF. The constants in the model were calculated from the available experimental data. The mean error with ten data sets is 19.7% with 76% data falling within ±30% error band and 93% within ±50% error band. The length to diameter ratio emerged as a parameter indicating a stepwise regime change. The success of the model indicates that flow boiling CHF can be modeled as a local phenomenon and the scale analysis is able to reveal important information regarding fundamental mechanisms leading to the CHF condition.

A Scale Analysis Based Theoretical Force Balance Model for Critical Heat Flux (CHF) During Saturated Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Minichannels

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish G. Kandlikar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Error Band

Accurate prediction of critical heat flux (CHF) in microchannels and small diameter tubes is of great interest in estimating the safe operational limits of cooling systems employing flow boiling. Scale analysis is applied to identify the relevant forces leading to the CHF condition. Using these forces, a local parameter model is developed to predict the flow boiling CHF. The theoretical model is an extension of an earlier pool boiling CHF model incorporating a force balance among the evaporation momentum, surface tension, inertia, and viscous forces. Weber number, capillary number, and a new non-dimensional group K2, representing the ratio of evaporation momentum to surface tension forces, emerged as main groups in quantifying the narrow channel effects on CHF. The constants in the model were calculated from the available experimental data. The mean error with ten data sets is 19.7 percent, with 76 percent data falling within ±30% error band, and 93 percent within ±50% error band. Evaluating individualized set of constants for each data set resulted in mean errors of less than 10 percent for all data sets. The success of the model indicates that flow boiling CHF can be modeled as a local phenomenon and the scale analysis is able to reveal important information regarding fundamental mechanisms leading to the CHF condition. The final equations resulting from this model are given by Eqs. (18–22) along with the transition criteria given by Eq. (28).

scholarly journals Predicting Critical Heat Flux With Multiphase CFD: 4 Years in the Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Baglietto ◽  
Etienne Demarly ◽  
Ravikishore Kommajosyula
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Bubble Dynamics ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Limiting Condition

Advancement in the experimental techniques have brought new insights into the microscale boiling phenomena, and provide the base for a new physical interpretation of flow boiling heat transfer. A new modeling framework in Computational Fluid Dynamics has been assembled at MIT, and aims at introducing all necessary mechanisms, and explicitly tracks: (1) the size and dynamics of the bubbles on the surface; (2) the amount of microlayer and dry area under each bubble; (3) the amount of surface area influenced by sliding bubbles; (4) the quenching of the boiling surface following a bubble departure and (5) the statistical bubble interaction on the surface. The preliminary assessment of the new framework is used to further extend the portability of the model through an improved formulation of the force balance models for bubble departure and lift-off. Starting from this improved representation at the wall, the work concentrates on the bubble dynamics and dry spot quantification on the heated surface, which governs the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) limit. A new proposition is brought forward, where Critical Heat Flux is a natural limiting condition for the heat flux partitioning on the boiling surface. The first principle based CHF is qualitatively demonstrated, and has the potential to deliver a radically new simulation technique to support the design of advanced heat transfer systems.

Development of New Critical Heat Flux Correlation for Microchannel Using Energy-Based Bubble Growth Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritunesh Kumar ◽  
Sambhaji T. Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Bubble Growth ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Error Band ◽  
Performance Of Heat Transfer

Critical heat flux (CHF) is a key design consideration for the systems involving heat dissipation through boiling application. It dictates the maximum limit of performance of heat transfer systems. Abrupt and substantial decrease in heat transfer coefficient is an indirect indication of occurrence of the CHF, which may cause complete burnout of heat transfer surface. Unlike conventional channels, CHF correlations for microchannels are limited and associated with significant variations. In the present paper, effort has been made to develop new CHF models applicable to a frequently occurring scenario of flow boiling in microchannels. The approach combines nondimensional analysis and an energy analysis based bubble growth model at an arbitrary nucleation site. Two separate CHF correlations for refrigerants and water have been developed following a semi-empirical approach. The proposed correlations show good agreement with available experimental data. The mean errors for the refrigerant and water cases are, respectively, found to be 21% and 27% for seven and six relevant datasets. Around 77% data of the refrigerant and 60% data of water are predicted within error band of ±30%. It is also found that influence of a certain energy ratio term (gravity to surface tension, denoted as πE4) is negligible for examined water CHF conditions.

Study on Subcooled-Forced Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Critical Heat Flux of Solid-Water Two-Phase Mixture

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Koizumi ◽  
Hiroyasu Ohtake ◽  
Manabu Mochizuki
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Forced Flow ◽  
Superheated Liquid ◽  
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer

Abstract The effect of solid particle introduction on subcooled-forced flow boiling heat transfer and a critical heat flux was examined experimentally. In the experiment, glass beads of 0.6 mm diameter were mixed in subcooled water. Experiments were conducted in a range of the subcooling of 40 K, a velocity of 0.17–6.7 m/s, a volumetric particle ratio of 0–17%. When particles were introduced, the growth of a superheated liquid layer near a heat trasnsfer surface seemed to be suppressed and the onset of nucleate boiling was delayed. The particles promoted the condensation of bubbles on the heat transfer surface, which shifted the initiation of a net vapor generation to a high heat flux region. Boiling heat trasnfer was augmented by the particle introduction. The suppression of the growth of the superheated liquid layer and the promotion of bubble condensation and dissipation by the particles seemed to contribute that heat transfer augmentation. The wall superheat at the critical heat flux was elevated by the particle introduction and the critical heat flux itself was also enhanced. However, the degree of the critical heat flux improvement was not drastic.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Critical Heat Flux in a Vertical Tube with a Wire Coil.

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (653) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
Keishi TAKESHIMA ◽  
Terushige FUJII ◽  
Nobuyuki tAKENAKA ◽  
Hitoshi ASANO ◽  
Takamitsu KONDO
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Vertical Tube ◽  
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer ◽  
Wire Coil

Two-Phase Pipe Quenching Correlations for Liquid Nitrogen and Liquid Hydrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Darr ◽  
J. W. Hartwig ◽  
J. Dong ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
A. K. Majumdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Flow Boiling ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cryogenic Flow ◽  
Two Phase Heat Transfer

Recently, two-phase cryogenic flow boiling data in liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) were compared to the most popular two-phase correlations, as well as correlations used in two of the most widely used commercially available thermal/fluid design codes in Hartwig et al. (2016, “Assessment of Existing Two Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient and Critical Heat Flux on Cryogenic Flow Boiling Quenching Experiments,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 93, pp. 441–463). Results uncovered that the correlations performed poorly, with predictions significantly higher than the data. Disparity is primarily due to the fact that most two-phase correlations are based on room temperature fluids, and for the heating configuration, not the quenching configuration. The penalty for such poor predictive tools is higher margin, safety factor, and cost. Before control algorithms for cryogenic transfer systems can be implemented, it is first required to develop a set of low-error, fundamental two-phase heat transfer correlations that match available cryogenic data. This paper presents the background for developing a new set of quenching/chilldown correlations for cryogenic pipe flow on thin, shorter lines, including the results of an exhaustive literature review of 61 sources. New correlations are presented which are based on the consolidated database of 79,915 quenching points for a 1.27 cm diameter line, covering a wide range of inlet subcooling, mass flux, pressure, equilibrium quality, flow direction, and even gravity level. Functional forms are presented for LN2 and LH2 chilldown correlations, including film, transition, and nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, and the Leidenfrost point.

Study on the Critical Heat Flux Mechanism Model under the Condition of Low Velocity and Subcooled Boiling in the Narrow Channel

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 3962-3966
Author(s):  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Tao Zhou ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Ke Ran ◽  
Cheng Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Critical Heat Flux ◽  
Bubble Dynamics ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Ultimate Cause ◽  
Low Mass

Based on the bubble dynamics, the generation and separation of bubble plays a leading role in the heat transfer of boiling condition. Before the bubble separation, micro liquid layer below bubbles is evaporated to dryness and heat transfer deterioration is the ultimate cause of boiling crisis, proposed a critical heat flux mechanism in the conditions of low velocity and narrow channel. A critical heat flux mechanism model is established. By calculation, in the low mass flow range the mechanism model has a high precision to predict CHF in a larger pressure and export dry degree ranges. Using the model the relationship of parameters is studied.

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