Microstructural Alterations of Rolling—Bearing Steel Undergoing Cyclic Stressing

1966 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Martin ◽  
S. F. Borgese ◽  
A. D. Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Microstructural Alterations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
A Cell

After prolonged cyclic stressing in rolling contact, AISI 52100 bearing steel parts develop extensive regions of microstructural alteration, designated as white etching areas. These are oriented in predictable directions relative to the rolling track. Lenticular carbides are always associated with these areas. Evidence is presented indicating that the boundaries of lenticular carbides constitute planes of weakness which may be preferred planes of fatigue cracking. In the transmission electron microscope the martensitic structure appears gradually transformed into a cell like structure by the action of cyclic stress. The size of crystallites is greatly reduced in this process. The density of microstructural change is found increased with cycling and is distributed in depth along a curve resembling that of the calculated maximum unidirectional shear stress with little or no visible change in the region of maximum orthogonal (alternating) shear stress.

scholarly journals Investigations on Tailored Forming of AISI 52100 as Rolling Bearing Raceway

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Timm Coors ◽  
Maximilian Mildebrath ◽  
Christoph Büdenbender ◽  
Felix Saure ◽  
Mohamad Yusuf Faqiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Acoustic Microscopy ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Small Depth ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Tailored Forming

Hybrid cylindrical roller thrust bearing washers of type 81212 were manufactured by tailored forming. An AISI 1022M base material, featuring a sufficient strength for structural loads, was cladded with the bearing steel AISI 52100 by plasma transferred arc welding (PTA). Though AISI 52100 is generally regarded as non-weldable, it could be applied as a cladding material by adjusting PTA parameters. The cladded parts were investigated after each individual process step and subsequently tested under rolling contact load. Welding defects that could not be completely eliminated by the subsequent hot forming were characterized by means of scanning acoustic microscopy and micrographs. Below the surface, pores with a typical size of ten µm were found to a depth of about 0.45 mm. In the material transition zone and between individual weld seams, larger voids were observed. Grinding of the surface after heat treatment caused compressive residual stresses near the surface with a relatively small depth. Fatigue tests were carried out on an FE8 test rig. Eighty-two percent of the calculated rating life for conventional bearings was achieved. A high failure slope of the Weibull regression was determined. A relationship between the weld defects and the fatigue behavior is likely.

Rolling Bearing Stress Based Life—Part I: Calculation Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Houpert ◽  
F. Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Endurance Limit ◽  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Surface Stresses ◽  
Bearing Life ◽  
Bearing Load ◽  
Bearing Stress ◽  
Hoop Stresses

Rolling contact bearing life is calculated using stresses calculated at the surface and in the volume. Surface stresses account for profile and misalignment as well as asperity deformations. Sub-surface stresses are calculated beneath the asperities (for defining the life of the surface) and deeper in the volume for calculating the life of the volume. The stress-life criterion adopted is the Dang Van one in which the local stabilized shear stress is compared to the material endurance limit defined as a function of the hydrostatic pressure (itself a function of the contact pressure) but also residual stresses and hoop stresses (due to fit). A stress-life exponent c, of the order of 4 (instead of 34/3 in the standard Lundberg and Palmgren model) is used for respecting a local load-life exponent of 10/3 at typical load levels. Life of any circumferential slices of the inner, outer, and roller is defined for obtaining the final bearing life. Trends showing how the bearing life varies as a function of the applied bearing load and Λ ratio (film thickness/RMS roughness height) are given.

scholarly journals Evolution of White Etching Bands in 100Cr6 Bearing Steel under Rolling Contact-Fatigue

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanwei Fu ◽  
Pedro E. J. Rivera-Díaz-del-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Stress Component ◽  
Rolling Contact Fatigue ◽  
Maximum Shear Stress ◽  
Contact Fatigue ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Microstructural Alterations

The formation of white etching bands (WEBs) occurs at the subsurface of rolling contact-fatigued bearing inner rings, exhibiting microstructural decay detrimental to bearing life. Despite the fact that WEBs have been observed in bearing steels for nearly 70 years, the understanding of WEB formation is still limited and mostly qualitative. Therefore, a systematic investigation is carried out in this research to reveal the evolution of WEBs with respect to the number of contact cycles. WEBs formed at different stages are reproduced by full-scale bearing RCF tests with predetermined numbers of cycles. Multi-scale characterisation techniques such as optical microscopy, micro-indentation, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are conducted on the microstructural alterations to study the development and microstructure of WEBs. WEBs are found in the absence of dark etching regions which is attributed to the heat treatment. With an increasing number of cycles, WEBs grow in number density and in all three dimensions, and their formation is found to be controlled by the maximum shear stress component. Ferrite bands within WEBs that contain dislocation cells manifest accumulated plastic strain in the material. Based on the characterisation results, the evolution of plastic strain under RCF is quantified.

High Cycle Rolling Contact Load Effects on the Microstructure of 50 Rockwell C AISI 52100 Steel

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lyman ◽  
A. E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
High Hardness ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Contact Load ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Microstructural Alterations ◽  
Aisi 52100 ◽  
Aisi 52100 Steel ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
Microstructural Effect

An experimental program to determine the effect of cyclic radial rolling contact load on the microstructure of AISI 52100 steel quenched and tempered to 50 Rockwell C hardness is reported. The magnitude of the load was restricted to result in stress conditions that did not exceed the strain energy of distortion theory limit of elastic behavior. Cycling up to 109 cycles produced familiar “white etching” microstructural alterations around stress concentrators such as inclusions, but no microstructural effect related to the mathematical stress field was detected. Research to improve the elastic limit in high hardness-wear resistant steel appears to be needed.

Analysis of the Rolling Contact Residual Stresses and Cyclic Plastic Deformation of SAE 52100 Steel Ball Bearings

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Hahn ◽  
V. Bhargava ◽  
C. A. Rubin ◽  
Q. Chen ◽  
K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Kinematic Hardening ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Bearing Steel ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Cyclic Plasticity ◽  
Ball Bearings

Measurements of the cyclic stress-strain hysteresis loop shapes of hardened, HRC-62, SAE 52100 bearing steel, derived from torsion tests are presented. These are reduced to 3-parameter, elastic-linear-kinematic hardening-plastic (ELKP) representations. The ELKP behavior and properties of the steel are employed in an elastic-plastic finite element model of two dimensional, rolling contact. The distortion of the rim and the distribution and magnitude of the residual stresses and cyclic plasticity for repeated contacts at a Hertzian pressure of p0 = 3636 MPa (528 ksi), are calculated. The results are compared with the residual stresses and other features observed in the inner raceway of SAE 52100 steel, deep grooved ball bearings. The calculations predict the modest residual stresses observed in the early life: N ≲ 106 contacts. The much higher levels of residual stress that develop in later life: 108 ≲ N ≲ 1010, are shown to be connected with metallurgical changes and an attending volume expansion that are cyclic strain induced. The origins of these stresses and their effect on bearing life are discussed.

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