Mean Stress Effect on the Shear Fatigue Crack Model—Part 2

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Crack Growth ◽  
Shear Crack ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Stress Range ◽  
Cyclic Shear ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tip Displacement

An expanded version of Swenson’s shear crack fatigue model is developed to include the effect of the mean stress on cyclic shear crack growth. Five results are concluded for this model. 1 As the mean shear stress is increased for a specified stress range, the cyclic shear crack tip displacement decreases. 2 The shear displacement at the center of the crack appears to be independent of the mean stress and remains constant for a given stress range. 3 An inherent blunting process for crack growth predicts retardation of tip displacement and crack growth for small values of stress range and all mean stress values. 4 The overall plactic zone length for this model does not change during cyclic shear loading although plastic deformation is occurring. 5 The model’s crack tip displacement per cycle is a linear function of the half crack length for prescribed stress range, mean stress, and material properties.

Energy response of S355 and 41Cr4 steel during fatigue crack growth process

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 663-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Lesiuk ◽  
Mieczysław Szata ◽  
Dariusz Rozumek ◽  
Zbigniew Marciniak ◽  
José Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fatigue Crack Growth ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Mean Stress Effect ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
The Mean

In this research, a novel approach of the fatigue crack growth rate description has been proposed. Based on theoretical and experimental approach, the mean stress effect expressed by R-ratio is present in classical da/dN–Δ K diagram. According to energy approach – based on the irrevocably dissipated energy accumulated in material (hysteresis loop) during fatigue process – the mean stress effect can be minimalized. Experimental validation of the proposed model was performed using results of fatigue crack propagation data for S355 and 41Cr4 steels in terms of strain energy density parameter Δ S or cyclic J-integral range –Δ J. In contrast to the force approach based on Kmax (or Δ K), the energy parameters Δ S or Δ J represent unambiguously the fatigue crack propagation rate, without influence of mean stress effect – R-ratio. However, in near threshold range of kinetic fatigue fracture diagram, the energy parameter displays a slight dispersion of the experimental data. According to the crack closure theory and its U-Elber parameter, the dispersion of experimental data is decreased. Therefore, the crack closure effects have a high significance in energy model – similar to the ‘force approach’ based on Δ K concept.

Mean Stress Correction for Fatigue Life of Carbon Steel: Proposal of Non-Closure Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kamaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Stress Amplitude ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Crack Mouth ◽  
Closure Model ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Influence of the mean stress on fatigue life was investigated for carbon steel. Uni-axial fatigue tests were conducted by stress and strain-controlled conditions at room temperature. The fatigue life was reduced by applying the mean stress for the same stress amplitude. The fatigue life exhibited better correlation with the strain range rather than the stress amplitude. Increase in strain range caused by applying the mean stress correlated well with the decrease in the fatigue life. It was assumed that the mean stress effect on the fatigue life was brought about by the change in crack growth rate caused by applying the mean stress. The mean stress enhanced crack mouth opening and accelerated the crack growth. The non-closure model, in which the crack mouth is assumed not to be closed even at the minimum peak stress, was proposed.

Discrete Dislocation Model of a Fatigue Crack Under Shear Loading—Part 1

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Dislocation Model ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Stress Range ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Tip Displacement

Fatigue crack propagation in most engineering materials has an initial stage of crack propagation, commonly designated Stage 1. Stage 1 cracks initiate and propagate from slip lines on the crystallographic planes of both polycrystal and single crystal alloys. A Stage 1 crack is usually thought to propagate solely by local shear stresses. A computer model of a crack and its plastic zones is developed. The positions of a series of dislocations are calculated in order that their combined stresses satisfy equilibrium equations and crack boundary conditions. The range of the crack tip displacement per loading cycle, which appears to be the best model for incremental crack growth, is independent of the mean stress value for mean stress greater than one-half the maximum stress and the stress range small. For all mean stress levels a minimum stress range is predicted by this program below which the cyclic tip displacement is zero.

Mean Stress Correction of S45C Carbon Steel Based on Crack Growth Concept

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kamaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Stress Amplitude ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Influence of the mean stress on fatigue life and fatigue limit was investigated for carbon steel. Uni-axial fatigue tests were conducted under stress and strain-controlled conditions at room temperature. The fatigue life and fatigue limit were reduced by applying the mean stress for the same stress amplitude. The fatigue life exhibited a better correlation with the strain range than the stress amplitude did. Increase in strain range caused by applying the mean stress correlated well with the decrease in the fatigue life. It was assumed that the mean stress effect on the fatigue life was brought about by the change in crack growth rate caused by applying the mean stress. The mean stress enhanced crack mouth opening and accelerated the crack growth. The reduction in the fatigue limit was also brought about by the same effect. It was shown that the effective strain range gave good prediction of fatigue life and fatigue limit with and without the mean stress.

Subsonic and Intersonic Failure of Composites: High-Speed Optical and Thermographic Measurements and Numerical Simulations

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rosakis ◽  
D. Coker ◽  
C. Yu ◽  
M. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Crack Growth ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Speed ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Shear Crack ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Composite Plates ◽  
Crack Face ◽  
Shear Wave Speed

Abstract In this paper dynamic fracture behavior of unidirectional graphite-epoxy composite plates is investigated experimentally and numerically. Crack propagation experiments are conducted on thick unidirectional graphite-epoxy composite plates subjected to in-plane, symmetric and asymmetric, impact loading. The coherent gradient sensing technique (CGS) is used in conjunction with high-speed photography to visualize the crack growth events. Cracks are found to propagate at subsonic speeds in the Mode-I case, whereas in both mixed mode and Mode-II the crack tip speed clearly exceeds the shear wave speed of the laminate. In the case of symmetric loading (Mode-I), the crack tip speeds approach the Rayleigh wave speed of the composite (1500 m/s), however it never exceeds it as predicted by asymptotic analysis. The situation is found to be entirely different for growing shear (Mode-II) cracks. A shock wave emanating from the crack tip is observed in the optical patterns. This provides direct evidence that the crack propagates faster than the shear wave speed of the composite. The crack tip speed is then observed to jump to a level close to the axial longitudinal wave speed along the fibers (7500 m/s) and then to stabilize to a lower level of approximately 6500 m/s. This speed corresponds to the speed at which the energy release rate required for shear crack growth is non-zero as determined from asymptotic analysis. The CGS interferograms also reveal the existence of large-scale frictional contact of the crack faces behind the moving shear cracks. In addition high speed thermographic measurements are conducted that show concentrated hot spots behind the crack tip indicating crack face frictional contact. Finally, these experiments are modeled by a detailed dynamic finite element calculation involving cohesive elements, newly developed adaptive remeshing using subdivision and edge collapse, composites element, and penalty contact. The numerical calculations are calibrated on the basis of fundamental material properties measured in the laboratory. The numerical methodology is subsequently validated by direct comparison to optical experimental measurements (crack speed record and near tip deformation field structure). For shear crack growth the numerics also reveal the experimentally observed shock wave structure and confirm the optical observation of large-scale crack face contact.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Vortex Reducer Based on Stress Gradient

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbin Luo ◽  
Yanrong Wang ◽  
Bo Zhong ◽  
Jiazhe Zhao ◽  
Xiaojie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Notched Specimens ◽  
Life Model ◽  
The Mean

The effects of stress gradient and size effect on fatigue life are investigated based on the distributions of stress at notch root of the notched specimens of GH4169 alloy. The relationship between the life of the notched specimens and the smooth specimens is correlated by introducing the stress gradient effect factor, and a new life model of predicting the notched specimens based on the Walker modification for the mean stress effect is established. In order to improve the prediction precision of life model with the equation parameters having a definite physical significance, the relationships among fatigue parameters, monotonic ultimate tensile strength and reduction of area are established. Three-dimensional elastic finite element (FE) analysis of a vortex reducer is carried out to obtain the data of stress and strain for predicting its life. The results show that there is a high-stress gradient at the edge of the air holes of the vortex reducer, and it is thus a dangerous point for fatigue crack initiation. The prediction result of the vortex reducer is more reasonable if the mean stress, stress gradient and size effect are considered comprehensively. The developed life model can reflect the effects of many factors well, especially the stress concentration. The life of the notched specimens predicted by this model give a high estimation precision, and the prediction life data mainly fall into the scatter band of factor 2.

Time-Variant Reliability Assessment of FPSO Hull Girder With Long Cracks

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efrén Ayala-Uraga ◽  
Torgeir Moan
Keyword(s):  
Brittle Fracture ◽  
Fatigue Cracking ◽  
Stiffened Panel ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Stiffened Panels ◽  
Hull Girder ◽  
Mean Stress Effect ◽  
Hull Structure ◽  
The Mean

An efficient time-variant reliability formulation for the safety assessment of an aging floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels with the presence of through-thickness cracks (i.e., long cracks), is presented in this paper. Often in ship structures, cracks are detected by means of close visual inspection when they have already propagated through the thickness. The propagation of long cracks in stiffened panels is therefore considered, as they may be present in critical details of the deck and/or bottom plating of the vessel. Although it has been found that stiffened panels are tolerant to fatigue cracking, the safety of such structural components with the presence of long cracks may be threatened when exposed to overload extreme conditions, i.e., brittle or ductile fracture may occur. The probability of brittle fracture of an aging hull structure, i.e., a stiffened panel at the bottom plating with the presence of long cracks is studied in this paper. The mean stress effect due to the continuously varying still-water loading as well as residual stresses is explicitly accounted for in the crack growth calculation procedure presented herein. An analytical model is established for determining the equivalent long-term stress range including the mean stress effect. The continuously varying still-water load effects due to the operational nature of FPSOs introduce additional uncertainties in the estimation of fatigue damage as well as in the likelihood of fracture failure mode. In the present case study it is found that the time-invariant approach is a good approximation when dealing with the time-variant reliability problem. One of the main conclusions drawn from this study is that the still-water mean stress has a significant effect on the failure probabilities of stiffened panels with long cracks under brittle fracture mode.

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