Flashing Flow of Initially Subcooled Water in Convergent–Divergent Nozzles

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Schrock ◽  
E. S. Starkman ◽  
R. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Equilibrium Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Discontinuous Transition ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Bernoulli Flow

This paper presents results from a research program conducted a number of years ago on the problem of flashing flow of water in nozzles. In a previous paper [1] we presented results for the case of stagnation states in the low quality two-phase region. The present paper reports results for stagnation states in the subcooled region at pressures up to 9.05 × 103 kN/m2 and subcooling from 0 to 60° C. Pressure profiles and flow rates are reported. The results are compared with limiting cases of Bernoulli flow (meta-stable liquid flow) and homogeneous equilibrium flow. As expected neither was able to predict the experimental results. A two-step model based upon nucleation delay, “discontinuous” transition to two-phase flow followed by frozen composition gave reasonable predictions of the flowrates and pressure profiles in the convergent section.

Flow Regime Evolution in Long, Serpentine Microchannels With a Porous Carbon Paper Wall

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie E. Steinbrenner ◽  
Eon Soo Lee ◽  
Fu-Min Wang ◽  
Chen Fang ◽  
Carlos H. Hidrovo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Carbon Paper ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates

An important function of the gas delivery channels in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells is the evacuation of liquid water created at the cathode. The resulting two-phase flow can become an obstacle to reactant transport and a source of parasitic losses. The present work examines the behavior of two-phase flow in 500 μm × 500 μm × 60 cm channels with distributed water injection through a porous carbon paper wall to gain understanding of the physics of flows relevant to fuel cell water management challenges. Flow regime maps based on local gas and liquid flow rates are constructed for experimental conditions corresponding to current densities between 0.5 and 1 A/cm2 and stoichiometric coefficients from 1 to 4. Flow structures are analyzed along the entire length of the channel. It is observed that slug flow is favored to plug flow at high air flow rates and low liquid flow rates. Stratified flow dominates at high liquid flow rates. Along the axial flow direction, the flow regime consistently transitions from intermittent to wavy to stable stratified flow. This progression is quantified using a parameter of flow progression which characterizes the degree of development of the two-phase flow toward the stable stratified condition. This parameter is discussed in relation to fuel cell operating conditions. It provides a metric for analyzing liquid water removal mechanisms in the cathode channels of PEM fuel cells.

scholarly journals Liquid Flow and Mass Transfer Behaviors in a Butterfly-Shaped Microreactor

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 883
Author(s):  
Haicheng Lv ◽  
Zhirong Yang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Gang Qian ◽  
Xuezhi Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates

Based on the split-and-recombine principle, a millimeter-scale butterfly-shaped microreactor was designed and fabricated through femtosecond laser micromachining. The velocity fields, streamlines and pressure fields of the single-phase flow in the microreactor were obtained by a computational fluid dynamics simulation, and the influence of flow rates on the homogeneous mixing efficiency was quantified by the mixing index. The flow behaviors in the microreactor were investigated using water and n-butanol, from which schematic diagrams of various flow patterns were given and a flow pattern map was established for regulating the flow behavior via controlling the flow rates of the two-phase flow. Furthermore, effects of the two-phase flow rates on the droplet flow behavior (droplet number, droplet size and standard deviation) in the microreactor were investigated. In addition, the interfacial mass transfer behaviors of liquid–liquid flow were evaluated using the standard low interfacial tension system of “n-butanol/succinic acid/water”, where the dependence between the flow pattern and mass transfer was discussed. The empirical relationship between the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and Reynold number was established with prediction error less than 20%.

scholarly journals Влияние свойств жидкости на режимы двухфазного течения в широком прямоугольном микроканале

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Ф.В. Роньшин ◽  
В.В. Чеверда ◽  
Е.А. Чиннов ◽  
О.А. Кабов
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regime ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Aqueous Ethanol ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Schlieren Method ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Before And After

AbstractWe have experimentally studied a two-phase flow in a microchannel with a height of 150 μm and a width of 20 mm. Different liquids have been used, namely, a purified Milli-Q water, an 50% aqueous-ethanol solution, and FC-72. Before and after the experiment, the height of the microchannel was controlled, as well as the wettability of its walls and surface tension of liquids. Using the schlieren method, the main characteristics of two-phase flow in wide ranges of gas- and liquid-flow rates have been revealed. The flow regime-formation mechanism has been found to depend on the properties of the liquid used. The flow regime has been registered when the droplets moving along the microchannel are vertical liquid bridges. It has been shown that, when using FC-72 liquid, a film of liquid is formed on the upper channel wall in the whole range of gas- and liquid-flow rates.

The effect of two-phase flow regime on hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a horizontal-tube gas-liquid reactor

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Zahn ◽  
Lothar Ebner ◽  
Kurt Winkler ◽  
Jan Kratochvíl ◽  
Jindřich Zahradník
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Regime ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Horizontal Tube ◽  
Liquid Holdup ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Type Relation ◽  
Good Agreement

The effect of two-phase flow regime on decisive hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of horizontal-tube gas-liquid reactors (pressure drop, liquid holdup, kLaL) was determined in a cocurrent-flow experimental unit of the length 4.15 m and diameter 0.05 m with air-water system. An adjustable-height weir was installed in the separation chamber at the reactor outlet to simulate the effect of internal baffles on reactor hydrodynamics. Flow regime maps were developed in the whole range of experimental gas and liquid flow rates both for the weirless arrangement and for the weir height 0.05 m, the former being in good agreement with flow-pattern boundaries presented by Mandhane. In the whole range of experi-mental conditions pressure drop data could be well correlated as a function of gas and liquid flow rates by an empirical exponential-type relation with specific sets of coefficients obtained for individual flow regimes from experimental data. Good agreement was observed between values of pressure drop obtained for weirless arrangement and data calculated from the Lockhart-Martinelli correlation while the contribution of weir to the overall pressure drop was well described by a relation proposed for the pressure loss in closed-end tubes. In the region of negligible weir influence values of liquid holdup were again succesfully correlated by the Lockhart-Martinelli relation while the dependence of liquid holdup data on gas and liquid flow rates obtained under conditions of significant weir effect (i.e. at low flow rates of both phases) could be well described by an empirical exponential-type relation. Results of preliminary kLaL measurements confirmed the decisive effect of the rate of energy dissipation on the intensity of interfacial mass transfer in gas-liquid dispersions.

Two-Phase Flow Behavior in Channels With Sudden Area Change Using Experimental and Computational Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Kotwal ◽  
Che-Hao Yang ◽  
Clement Tang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Single Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Area Change

The current study shows computational and experimental analysis of multiphase flows (gas-liquid two-phase flow) in channels with sudden area change. Four test sections used for sudden contraction and expansion of area in experiments and computational analysis. These are 0.5–0.375, 0.5–0.315, 0.5–0.19, 0.5–0.14, inversely true for expansion channels. Liquid Flow rates ranging from 0.005 kg/s to 0.03 kg/s employed, while gas flow rates ranging from 0.00049 kg/s to 0.029 kg/s implemented. First, single-phase flow consists of only water, and second two-phase Nitrogen-Water mixture flow analyzed experimentally and computationally. For Single-phase flow, two mathematical models used for comparison: the two transport equations k-epsilon turbulence model (K-Epsilon), and the five transport equations Reynolds stress turbulence interaction model (RSM). A Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach and the RSM mathematical model developed for two-phase gas-liquid flows based on current experimental data. As area changes, the pressure drop observed, which is directly proportional to the Reynolds number. The computational analysis can show precise prediction and a good agreement with experimental data when area ratio and pressure differences are smaller for laminar and turbulent flows in circular geometries. During two-phase flows, the pressure drop generated shows reasonable dependence on void fraction parameter, regardless of numerical analysis and experimental analysis.

Experimental Determination of Two-Phase Flow Rates of Hydrocarbons Through Restrictions

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Richardson ◽  
G. Saville ◽  
S.A. Fisher ◽  
A.J. Meredith ◽  
M.J. Dix
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Determination ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Rates

Two Phase Flow Patterns and Cooling Power of Mixed Refrigerant in Micro Cryogenic Coolers

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Lewis ◽  
Hayley Schneider ◽  
Yunda Wang ◽  
Ray Radebaugh ◽  
Y. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Flow ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Vapor Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Power Draw

Micro cryogenic coolers (MCCs) operating in the Joule-Thomson cycle with mixed refrigerants offer an attractive way to decrease the size, cost, and power draw required for cryogenic cooling. Recent studies of MCCs with mixed refrigerants have, when employing pre-cooling, shown pulsating flow-rates and oscillating temperatures, which have been linked to the refrigerant flow regime in the MCC. In this study we investigate those flow regimes. Using a high-speed camera and optical microscopy, it is found that the pulsations in flow correspond to an abrupt switch from single-phase vapor flow to single-phase liquid flow, followed by 2-phase flow in the form of bubbles, liquid slugs, and liquid slug-annular rings. After this period of 2-phase flow, the refrigerant transitions back to single-phase vapor flow for the cycle to repeat. Under different pre-cooling temperatures, the mole fraction of the vapor-phase refrigerant, as measured by molar flow-rate, agrees reasonably well with the quality of the refrigerant at that temperature as calculated by an equation of state. The frequency of pulsation increases with liquid fraction in the refrigerant, and the volume of liquid in each pulse only weakly increases with increasing liquid fraction. The cooling power of the liquid-flow is up to a factor of 7 greater than that of the 2-phase flows and single-phase vapor flow.

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