Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Surface Characteristics of Abrasive Materials

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Komanduri ◽  
M. C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Abrasive Grains ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Scanning electron micrographs of different types of commercial abrasive grains used in grinding are discussed. Surface topography is found useful, along with other physical and chemical properties, in characterizing abrasive materials. The results of this study explain some of the differences in performance of several types of abrasive presently used in grinding practice.

Enrichment of reactive macerals in coal: its characterization and utilization in coke making

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Debjani Nag ◽  
P. Kopparthi ◽  
P.S. Dash ◽  
V.K. Saxena ◽  
S. Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Metallurgical Coke ◽  
Column Flotation ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Coking Coal ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flotation Method ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Macerals in coal are of different types: reactive and inert. These macerals are differ in their physical and chemical properties. Column flotation method has been used to separate the reactive macerals in a non-coking coal. The enriched coal is then characterized in order to understand the changes in the coking potential by different techniques. It is then used in making of metallurgical coke by proper blending with other coals. Enriched coal enhance the properties of metallurgical coke. This shows a path of utilization of non-coking coal in metallurgical coke making.

The Evaluation of Different Types of Welding in the Orthodontic Expanders

2015 ◽  
Vol 1111 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Camelia Szuhanek ◽  
Traian Fleșer
Keyword(s):  
Laser Welding ◽  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laboratory Procedures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The purpose of our paper was to evaluate the effect of different methods of welding in the laboratory procedures of orthodontic expanders. The results of flame, ultrasound, resistance and laser welding methods were evaluated by means of mechanical testing. Metallographic investigations were also used in order to compare the results of different welding testing. A combination of techniques which offer optimum mechanical, biological, physical and chemical properties must be selected. New results are presented in comparison to previous research with published results.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of black carbon and organic matter from different sources using aerodynamic aerosol classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawei Hu ◽  
M. Rami Alfarra ◽  
Kate Szpek ◽  
Justin M. Langridge ◽  
Michael Cotterell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flame Burner ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract. The physical and chemical properties of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosols are important for predicting their radiative forcing in the atmosphere. During the Soot Aerodynamic Size Selection for Optical properties (SASSO) project and a EUROCHAMP-2020 transnational access project, different types of light absorbing carbon were studied, including BC from catalytically stripped diesel exhaust, a flame burner, a colloidal graphite standard (Aquadag), and from controlled flaming wood combustion. Brown carbon (BrC) was also investigated in the form of organic aerosol emissions from wood burning (pyrolysis and smouldering) and from the nitration of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxies produced in a photochemical reaction chamber. Here we present insights into the physical and chemical properties of the aerosols, with optical properties being presented in subsequent publications. The dynamic shape factor (χ) of BC particles and material density (ρm) of organic aerosols were investigated by coupling a charging-free Aerodynamic Aerosol Classifier (AAC) with a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (CPMA) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The morphology of BC particles was captured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For BC particles from the diesel engine and flame burner emissions, the primary spherule sizes were similar, around 20 nm. With increasing particle size, BC particles adopted more collapsed/compacted morphologies for the former source but tended to show more aggregated morphologies for the latter source. For particles emitted from the combustion of dry wood samples, the χ of BC particles and the ρm of organic aerosols were observed in the ranges 1.8–2.17 and 1.22–1.32 g/cm3, respectively. Similarly, for wet wood samples, the χ and ρm ranges were 1.2–1.85 and 1.44–1.60 g/cm3, respectively. Aerosol mass spectrometry measurements show no clear difference in mass spectra of the organic aerosols in individual burn phases (pyrolysis or smouldering phase) with the moisture content of the wood samples. This implies that the effect moisture has on the organic chemical profile of wood burning emissions is through changing the durations of the different phases of the burn cycle, not through the chemical modification of the individual phases. In this study, the incandescence signal of a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) was calibrated with three different types of BC particles and compared with that from an Aquadag standard that is commonly used to calibrate SP2 incandescence to a BC mass. A correction factor is defined as the ratio of the incandescence signal from an alternative BC source to that from the Aquadag standard, and took values of 0.82 (or 0.79), 0.88 and 0.84–0.91 for the BC particles emitted from the diesel engine running under hot (or cold idle) conditions, the flame burner and wood combustion, respectively. These correction factors account for differences in instrument response to BC from different sources compared to the standardised Aquadag calibration and are more appropriate than the common value of 0.75 recommended by Laborde et al. (2012b) when deriving the mass concentration of BC emitted from diesel engines. Quantifying the correction factor for many types of BC particles found commonly in the atmosphere may enable better constraints to be placed on this factor depending on the BC source being sampled, and thus improve the accuracy of future SP2 measurements of BC mass concentrations.

scholarly journals VETERINARY-SANITARY CHARACTERISTICS OF FOOD FOR DOMESTIC CARNIVORES

2018 ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
T. V. Kurmakaeva ◽  
I. G. Seregin ◽  
A. B. Southkin ◽  
T. I. Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Online Assessment ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Domestic Carnivores ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Feed Samples ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Studied commodity indicators and physical and chemical properties of feed for domestic carnivorous animals (cats and dogs), a comparative analysis of different types of feed, their compliance with GOST. A deviation in the composition of feed for carnivorous animals in terms of fiber and additives, as well as the presence of dyes, flavors and flavoring substances. The content of the main nutrients in the feed samples corresponded to the data stated on the packaging. On the basis of the results of the study, an online assessment of the quality and safety of commercial feed for domestic carnivorous animals was made.

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of black carbon and organic matter from different combustion and photochemical sources using aerodynamic aerosol classification

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 16161-16182
Author(s):  
Dawei Hu ◽  
M. Rami Alfarra ◽  
Kate Szpek ◽  
Justin M. Langridge ◽  
Michael I. Cotterell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Wood Combustion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flame Burner ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract. The physical and chemical properties of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosols are important for predicting their radiative forcing in the atmosphere. During the Soot Aerodynamic Size Selection for Optical properties (SASSO) project and a EUROCHAMP-2020 transnational access project, different types of light-absorbing carbon were studied, including BC from catalytically stripped diesel exhaust, an inverted flame burner, a colloidal graphite standard (Aquadag) and controlled flaming wood combustion. Brown carbon (BrC) was also investigated in the form of organic aerosol emissions from wood burning (pyrolysis and smouldering) and from the nitration of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxies produced in a photochemical reaction chamber. Here we present insights into the physical and chemical properties of the aerosols, with optical properties presented in subsequent publications. The dynamic shape factor (χ) of BC particles and material density (ρm) of organic aerosols was investigated by coupling a charging-free Aerodynamic Aerosol Classifier (AAC) with a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer (CPMA) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The morphology of BC particles was captured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For BC particles from the diesel engine and flame burner emissions, the primary spherule sizes were similar, around 20 nm. With increasing particle size, BC particles adopted more collapsed/compacted morphologies for the former source but tended to show more aggregated morphologies for the latter source. For particles emitted from the combustion of dry wood samples, the χ of BC particles and the ρm of organic aerosols were observed in the ranges 1.8–2.17 and 1.22–1.32 g cm−3, respectively. Similarly, for wet wood samples, the χ and ρm ranges were 1.2–1.85 and 1.44–1.60 g cm−3, respectively. Aerosol mass spectrometry measurements show no clear difference in mass spectra of the organic aerosols in individual burn phases (pyrolysis or smouldering phase) with the moisture content of the wood samples. This suggests that the effect moisture has on the organic chemical profile of wood burning emissions is through changing the durations of the different phases of the burn cycle, not through the chemical modification of the individual phases. In this study, the incandescence signal of a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) was calibrated with three different types of BC particles and compared with that from an Aquadag standard that is commonly used to calibrate SP2 incandescence to a BC mass. A correction factor is defined as the ratio of the incandescence signal from an alternative BC source to that from the Aquadag standard and took values of 0.821 ± 0.002 (or 0.794 ± 0.005), 0.879 ± 0.003 and 0.843 ± 0.028 to 0.913 ± 0.009 for the BC particles emitted from the diesel engine running under hot (or cold idle) conditions, the flame burner and wood combustion, respectively. These correction factors account for differences in instrument response to BC from different sources compared to the standardised Aquadag calibration and are more appropriate than the common value of 0.75 recommended by Laborde et al. (2012b) when deriving the mass concentration of BC emitted from diesel engines. Quantifying the correction factor for many types of BC particles found commonly in the atmosphere may enable better constraints to be placed on this factor depending on the BC source being sampled and thus improve the accuracy of future SP2 measurements of BC mass concentrations.

scholarly journals Image Processing and Optical-Electricity Property of Traditional Medicine Products from Kian Sand Worm (Siphonosoma ur - pulau )

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Amrosius Masrikat ◽  
Yohansli Noya ◽  
Hendry Izaac Elim
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Voltage Dependence ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Kian sandworm (Siphonosoma ur-pulau), a kind of sandworm originally found in Ur-pulau island of Tual region, southeast part of Maluku province, Indonesia is one of the longest sand worm with the length of 27.5 cm exhibited unique physical and chemical properties [1]. This work presents image processing and optical-electricity property of traditional medicine products (TMPs) from Kian sandworm. Based on the image processing with fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, the density of two different types of TMPs can be identified exactly. Furthermore, optical-electricity (OE) properties of the products tested in a standard toxic medicine, Betadine normally used to heal outer wounds of human body in Indonesia has been studied briefly under the influence of room temperature up to ~65 0C. The significant findings in this paper show that at the same concentration of two TMPs, the smooth grain size exhibits large absorbance (Abs) and pH higher than that of the rough grain size due to its high density. Moreover, it was observed that such smooth grain size TMPs shown a very sensitive voltage dependence on temperature with the peak of voltage obtained at ~50 0C.

scholarly journals Literature Research On A Different Types Soil Stabilization Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farthest Point ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Soil exchange is the strategy for upgrading the five star parameters of soil and therefore improving as a ways as viable and vulnerability of soil. it's miles great whilst the soil convenient for improvement of subgrade of black-top is unlawful to skip on burden. Generally Soils show irksome structuring residences, as such Soil Adjustment is pivotal for upgrading soils residences. modification improves thestrengthofasoil and oversee theshrink-swelling properties of soil,thusimprovingtheload bearing confine of a sub-degree and give a boost to black-tops. Soil trade is moreover diminishes vulnerability and compressibilityofthesoilmassinearthstructuresandtoincreaseitsshe arstrength.Themainaim of this paper is toreview the physical and chemical properties of the soil in different types of stabilization methodologies. Soil Stabilization and itseffectonsoilindicate the response angle with conveyed materials, impact on its bearing farthest point, improve and hold up soil sogginess substance and thought for sub-level introduction .Sois tabilization can be completed byseveral strategies.Allthe strategies fall in to two broad categories explicitly mechanical and synthetic change. Mechanical Adjustment is the tool of upgrading the homes of the residue with the manual of changing over its evaluation and counterfeit modification of a ways attaining soil includes changing the physio-chemicalchanges in clayparticleswherebytheearthrequired lesswatertofulfillthe bearing and permeability of soil.

Scanning Electron Microscope Study of the Effect of Structure on the Liquefaction of New Mexico Coals

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
L.E. Murr ◽  
K. Wongwiwat
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Well Bore ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
The Face ◽  
Abundant Supply ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

While it is well known that certain pulverized coals can be liquified above ground in controlled conditions of solvent, pressure, and temperature; liquefaction of other coals is difficult to achieve. In the face of an increased demand for energy, and on considering the abundant supply of coal in parts of the United States, innovative research has been initiated to attempt to liquify coal in-situ using well-bore techniques which are essentially the same as those employed for petroleum production. In attempting in-situ liquefaction, the coal reaction face is essentially unpulverized, and liquefaction generally requires high temperatures (>400°C) and pressures (>2000 psi).The liquefaction processes involved in the hydrogenation or solution mining of coal are dependent upon both physical and chemical properties involving the structure and composition (including mineral impurities and trace elements) of the coal, the solvent, the surface area exposed - including particle size, homogeneity, cracks, pores, etc. - pressure, temperature, and catalyst. All of these properties in a consonant manner will control the rate and extent of liquefaction.

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