scholarly journals Design and Prototyping of a Low-Cost Portable Mechanical Ventilator

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Mohsen Al Husseini ◽  
Heon Ju Lee ◽  
Justin Negrete ◽  
Stephen Powelson ◽  
Amelia Tepper Servi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Expiration Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly

This paper describes the design and prototyping of a low-cost portable mechanical ventilator for use in mass casualty cases and resource-poor environments. The ventilator delivers breaths by compressing a conventional bag-valve mask (BVM) with a pivoting cam arm, eliminating the need for a human operator for the BVM. An initial prototype was built out of acrylic, measuring 11.25×6.7×8 in.3 and weighing 9 lbs. It is driven by an electric motor powered by a 14.8 VDC battery and features an adjustable tidal volume up to a maximum of 750 ml. Tidal volume and number of breaths per minute are set via user-friendly input knobs. The prototype also features an assist-control mode and an alarm to indicate overpressurization of the system. Future iterations of the device will include a controllable inspiration to expiration time ratio, a pressure relief valve, PEEP capabilities, and an LCD screen. With a prototyping cost of only $420, the bulk-manufacturing price for the ventilator is estimated to be less than $200. Through this prototype, the strategy of cam-actuated BVM compression is proven to be a viable option to achieve low-cost, low-power portable ventilator technology that provides essential ventilator features at a fraction of the cost of existing technology.

scholarly journals BUDGET UAV SYSTEMS FOR THE PROSPECTION OF SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SCALE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B1 ◽  
pp. 971-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ostrowski ◽  
K. Hanus
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Operational Range

One of the popular uses of UAVs in photogrammetry is providing an archaeological documentation. A wide offer of low-cost (consumer) grade UAVs, as well as the popularity of user-friendly photogrammetric software allowing obtaining satisfying results, contribute to facilitating the process of preparing documentation for small archaeological sites. However, using solutions of this kind is much more problematic for larger areas. The limited possibilities of autonomous flight makes it significantly harder to obtain data for areas too large to be covered during a single mission. Moreover, sometimes the platforms used are not equipped with telemetry systems, which makes navigating and guaranteeing a similar quality of data during separate flights difficult. The simplest solution is using a better UAV, however the cost of devices of such type often exceeds the financial capabilities of archaeological expeditions. <br><br> The aim of this article is to present methodology allowing obtaining data for medium scale areas using only a basic UAV. The proposed methodology assumes using a simple multirotor, not equipped with any flight planning system or telemetry. Navigating of the platform is based solely on live-view images sent from the camera attached to the UAV. The presented survey was carried out using a simple GoPro camera which, from the perspective of photogrammetric use, was not the optimal configuration due to the fish eye geometry of the camera. Another limitation is the actual operational range of UAVs which in the case of cheaper systems, rarely exceeds 1 kilometre and is in fact often much smaller. Therefore the surveyed area must be divided into sub-blocks which correspond to the range of the drone. It is inconvenient since the blocks must overlap, so that they will later be merged during their processing. This increases the length of required flights as well as the computing power necessary to process a greater number of images. <br><br> These issues make prospection highly inconvenient, but not impossible. Our paper presents our experiences through two case studies: surveys conducted in Nepal under the aegis of UNESCO, and works carried out as a part of a Polish archaeological expedition in Cyprus, which both prove that the proposed methodology allows obtaining satisfying results. The article is an important voice in the ongoing debate between commercial and academic archaeologists who discuss the balance between the required standards of conducting archaeological works and economic capabilities of archaeological missions.

scholarly journals Design Construction and Performance Test of a Low-Cost Pandemic Ventilator for Breathing Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2374-2380
Author(s):  
Ankit D. Bhoyar
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Manual Operation ◽  
Wooden Frame ◽  
Short Period

Abstract: Mass casualty incidents such as those that are being experienced during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic can overwhelm local healthcare systems, where the number of casualties exceeds local resources and capabilities in a short period of time. The introduction of patients with worsening lung function as a result of COVID-19 has strained traditional ventilator supplies. Mechanical ventilator is a medical device which is usually utilized to ventilate patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own. Among many types of ventilators Bag Valve Mask (BVM) is a manual ventilator in which a bag is pressed to deliver air into the lungs of the patient. In present work, a mechanical system along with speed controller has been developed to automate the operation of BVM. The constructed prototype contains crank, powered by servo motor, supported by wooden frame. To bridge the gap during ventilator shortages and to help clinicians triage patients, manual resuscitator devices can be used to deliver respirations to a patient requiring breathing support. With principal dimensions of 0.54*0.64 m2 , bvm weighs 0.9 kg and DC power convertor for supplying power for a continuous operation, the prototype can be moved easily. The dimensions of the frame are selected as such to be compatible with the physical dimension of Ambu bag. The performance of the device was tested using Airflow meter which illustrates that the Tidal Volume vs. Time graph of the automated system is similar to the graph produced by manual operation of the BVM, but with a mean deviation of 0.182 Litres with manual operation and 0.1 Litres with prototype. For patients who require ventilatory support, manual ventilation is a vital procedure. It has to be performed by experienced healthcare providers that are regularly trained for the use of bag-valve-mask (BVM) in emergency situations. Keywords: Mechanical Ventilator, Automated BVM, BPM, COVID-19, Ventilator design, Airflow meter

scholarly journals BUDGET UAV SYSTEMS FOR THE PROSPECTION OF SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SCALE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B1 ◽  
pp. 971-977
Author(s):  
W. Ostrowski ◽  
K. Hanus
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Operational Range

One of the popular uses of UAVs in photogrammetry is providing an archaeological documentation. A wide offer of low-cost (consumer) grade UAVs, as well as the popularity of user-friendly photogrammetric software allowing obtaining satisfying results, contribute to facilitating the process of preparing documentation for small archaeological sites. However, using solutions of this kind is much more problematic for larger areas. The limited possibilities of autonomous flight makes it significantly harder to obtain data for areas too large to be covered during a single mission. Moreover, sometimes the platforms used are not equipped with telemetry systems, which makes navigating and guaranteeing a similar quality of data during separate flights difficult. The simplest solution is using a better UAV, however the cost of devices of such type often exceeds the financial capabilities of archaeological expeditions. <br><br> The aim of this article is to present methodology allowing obtaining data for medium scale areas using only a basic UAV. The proposed methodology assumes using a simple multirotor, not equipped with any flight planning system or telemetry. Navigating of the platform is based solely on live-view images sent from the camera attached to the UAV. The presented survey was carried out using a simple GoPro camera which, from the perspective of photogrammetric use, was not the optimal configuration due to the fish eye geometry of the camera. Another limitation is the actual operational range of UAVs which in the case of cheaper systems, rarely exceeds 1 kilometre and is in fact often much smaller. Therefore the surveyed area must be divided into sub-blocks which correspond to the range of the drone. It is inconvenient since the blocks must overlap, so that they will later be merged during their processing. This increases the length of required flights as well as the computing power necessary to process a greater number of images. <br><br> These issues make prospection highly inconvenient, but not impossible. Our paper presents our experiences through two case studies: surveys conducted in Nepal under the aegis of UNESCO, and works carried out as a part of a Polish archaeological expedition in Cyprus, which both prove that the proposed methodology allows obtaining satisfying results. The article is an important voice in the ongoing debate between commercial and academic archaeologists who discuss the balance between the required standards of conducting archaeological works and economic capabilities of archaeological missions.

scholarly journals Thread as a Low-Cost Material for Microfluidic Assays on Intact Tumor Slices

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumaner ◽  
Horowitz ◽  
Ovadya ◽  
Folch
Keyword(s):  
Drug Screening ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Chemosensitivity Assay ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Microfluidic Assays ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly

In this paper we describe the use of thread as a low-cost material for a microfluidic chemosensitivity assay that uses intact tumor tissue ex vivo. Today, the need for new and effective cancer treatments is greater than ever, but unfortunately, the cost of developing new chemotherapy drugs has never been higher. Implementation of low-cost microfluidic techniques into drug screening devices could potentially mitigate some of the immense cost of drug development. Thread is an ideal material for use in drug screening as it is inexpensive, widely available, and can transport liquid without external pumping hardware, i.e., via capillary action. We have developed an inexpensive microfluidic delivery prototype that uses silk threads to selectively deliver fluids onto subregions of living xenograft tumor slices. Our device can be fabricated completely for less than $0.25 in materials and requires no external equipment to operate. We found that by varying thread materials, we could optimize device characteristics, such as flow rate; we specifically explored the behavior of silk, nylon, cotton, and polyester. The incremental cost of our device is insignificant compared to the tissue culture supplies. The use of thread as a microfluidic material has the potential to produce inexpensive, accessible, and user-friendly devices for drug testing that are especially suited for low-resource settings.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Natural Adsorbents to Remove Fluoride from Drinking Water: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 3857-3859
Author(s):  
Aishwarya P Marad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Coagulation And Flocculation ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly

Widespread existence of fluoride above the desirable limit in ground water, reported that 17 states of India are facing endemic fluorosis problem. Excess amount of fluoride is being emitted due to increase in human activities. Businesses release effluents exceptionally stacked with fluoride. The over abundance of fluoride is destructive from numerous points of view this there is a need to cut down the fluoride level to the safe limits. For this reason the treatment of water is done using number of techniques like coagulation and flocculation, ion-exchange, electrochemical methods, nano filtration, adsorption etc. Adsorption is a significant process in which the fluoride is adsorbed on to a membrane or fixed bed. Activated carbon is a commonly used adsorbent for water and waste water treatment, but the main disadvantage of the activated carbon is the cost and rejuvenation difficulty. Many attempts are done to defluoride water from high concentration to permissible level, still the studies are going on to implement a user friendly defluoridation methods using low cost, sufficiently available and highly effective adsorbent.

VEMERS UC: A Clinically Validated Emergency Mechanical Ventilator for Covid-19 and Post Pandemic Use in Low Resource Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano E. Chiang ◽  
Felipe Castro Niklitschek
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Industrial Markets ◽  
Safety Features ◽  
Technical Features

Abstract In this article we present a clinically validated invasive emergency mechanical ventilator developed in Chile called VEMERS UC. It has been clinically tested and validated in intubated Covid19 patients. Once the pandemic hit Chilean soil in March 2020, it was clear that the number of mechanical ventilators available would not be enough. As in other parts of the world many initiatives sprung, most of them naively simple. Chilean medical societies joined engineering specialists and agreed early on in an organized and regulated open process for validating emergency mechanical ventilators, thus allowing for rapid development but with the required functionality, reliability, and safety features. VEMERS UC was one of few that completed successfully all stages of the validating process, the final test being on five critically-ill intubated COVID-19 patients for eight hours each. VEMERS UC is based on an electro-pneumatic circuit architecture and its components are all low cost, off-the-shelf pneumatic and electronic products easily obtained in industrial markets. It works in continuous mandatory volume control mode. The novel technical features of VEMERS UC are discussed here as well as the results obtained in each stage of the validating process. The validating process carried out in Chile is noteworthy by itself, and it could be used as an example in other developing countries. Furthermore, VEMERS UC can be used as a guiding design reference in other countries as well, since this design has already been thoroughly tested in human patients and has proven to work successfully.

Design and Development of Mechanical Ventilator

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 4111-4123
Author(s):  
Nilesh Arjun Kumbhar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Project Report ◽  
Respiratory Conditions ◽  
Selection Of

Respiratory diseases and injury-induced respiratory failure constitute a significant public healthiness in both developed and fewer developed countries. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other chronic respiratory conditions are spread globally. These conditions are exacerbated by pollution , smoking, and burning of biomass for fuel, all of which are on the rise in developing countries1,2 Patients with underlying lung disease may develop respiratory failure under a selection of challenges and should be supported mechanical ventilation. These are machines which mechanically assist patients inspire and exhale, allowing the exchange of oxygen and CO2 to occur within the lungs, a process mentioned as procedure. Design and prototyping of a inexpensive portable mechanical ventilator to be utilized in mass casualty cases and resource-poor environments. The ventilator delivers breaths by compressing a typical bag-valve mask (BVM) with a pivoting cam arm, eliminating the need for an individual's operator for the BVM. Now a days, COVID-19 is one among the main issue goes on, and during this disease ventilator is plays the important role. during this project report, we've focused on to style and development of semi-automatic low cost mechanical ventilator.

Advance Protection for Three Phase Induction Motor using Microcontroller Atmega32

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Karan S Belsare ◽  
Gajanan D Patil
Keyword(s):  
Induction Motor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Cost

A low cost and reliable protection scheme has been designed for a three phase induction motor against unbalance voltages, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and overheating protection. Taking the cost factor into consideration the design has been proposed using microcontroller Atmega32, MOSFETs, relays, small CTs and PTs. However the sensitivity of the protection scheme has been not compromised. The design has been tested online in the laboratory for small motors and the same can be implemented for larger motors by replacing the i-v converters and relays of suitable ratings.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

Tools of Transformation: Appropriate Technology in U.S. Countercultural Literature

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Peter Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
Buckminster Fuller ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Second Wave

This essay takes its cue from second-wave ecocriticism and from recent scholarly interest in the “appropriate technology” movement that evolved during the 1960s and 1970s in California and elsewhere. “Appropriate technology” (or AT) refers to a loosely-knit group of writers, engineers and designers active in the years around 1970, and more generally to the counterculture’s promotion, development and application of technologies that were small-scale, low-cost, user-friendly, human-empowering and environmentally sound. Focusing on two roughly contemporary but now largely forgotten American texts Sidney Goldfarb’s lyric poem “Solar-Heated-Rhombic-Dodecahedron” (1969) and Gurney Norman’s novel Divine Right’s Trip (1971)—I consider how “hip” literary writers contributed to eco-technological discourse and argue for the 1960s counterculture’s relevance to present-day ecological concerns. Goldfarb’s and Norman’s texts interest me because they conceptualize iconic 1960s technologies—especially the Buckminster Fuller-inspired geodesic dome and the Volkswagen van—not as inherently alienating machines but as tools of profound individual, social and environmental transformation. Synthesizing antimodernist back-to-nature desires with modernist enthusiasm for (certain kinds of) machinery, these texts adumbrate a humanity- and modernity-centered post-wilderness model of environmentalism that resonates with the dilemmas that we face in our increasingly resource-impoverished, rapidly warming and densely populated world.

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