Spherical Shell Sector Acrylic Plastic Windows with 12,000 ft Operational Depth for Submersible Alvin

1976 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Stachiw ◽  
R. Sletten
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Spherical Shell ◽  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Catastrophic Failure ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Uniform Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Sustained Loading ◽  
The Cost

It has been found that the 90-deg plane conical frustum windows with t/Di = 0.7 ratio in ALVIN submersible can be replaced with 90-deg t/Di = 1 spherical shell sector windows without any modification of window seat flanges. The 90-deg spherical shell sector windows with t/Di = 1.0 possess not only a higher short term critical pressure but also develop more uniform stress distribution during a typical dive to 12,000 ft than the t/Di = 0.7 acrylic conical frustum windows that they replace. The 90-deg t/Di = 1.0 spherical shell sector windows (1) withstood, without catastrophic failure, 100 hr sustained loading to 20,000 psi, (2) 33 pressure cycles of 7-hr duration to 13,500 ft depth without any signs of fatigue, and (3) experienced less than 15,000 μin. strain during a simulated typical prooftest dive to 13,500 ft depth. The 90-deg t/Di = 1 spherical shell sector window presents a 50 percent larger view in water than a 90-deg t/Di = 0.7 conical frustum window that it replaces. This permits the observer inside the submersible to cover visually more ocean bottom during a single pass along the bottom and thus decreases the cost of a typical bottom search mission for a submersible.

Flanged Acrylic Plastic Hemispherical Shells for Undersea Application

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Stachiw ◽  
J. R. Maison
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Critical Pressure ◽  
Convex Surface ◽  
Elastic Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Acrylic Plastic ◽  
Hemispherical Shells

The effects of an equatorial flange and a nonuniform wall thickness upon the critical pressure and stress distribution in acrylic plastic hemispheres have been investigated by experimental and analytical methods. Forty acrylic hemispheres were fabricated and tested to destruction under short term hydrostatic pressure applied on the convex surface. Dome apex displacements were obtained from each specimen and strains were obtained from a selected few. A finite element elastic analysis was performed on one window configuration for two different boundary conditions and the experimentally derived stresses were used to determine which boundary conditions was the best for analytical analysis.

Protecting the Desperate: The Regulation of Payday Lending

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176
Author(s):  
Andrew J Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Payday Lending ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Payday Loans ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Credit Contracts ◽  
The Cost

Payday loans are small-amount, short-term, unsecured, high-cost credit contracts provided by non-mainstream credit providers. Payday loans are usually taken out to help the consumer pay for essential items, such as food, rent, electricity, petrol, broken-down appliances or car registration or repairs. These consumers take out payday loans because they cannot — or believe that they cannot — obtain a loan from a mainstream credit provider such as a bank. In recent years there has been a protracted debate in Australia — and in several overseas jurisdictions — about how to regulate the industry. Recent amendments to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) — referred to in this article as the 2013 reforms — are designed to better protect payday loan consumers. While the 2013 reforms provide substantially improved protection for payday loan consumers, further changes to the law may be warranted. This article raises several law reform issues which should be considered as part of the 2015 review into small amount credit contracts, including whether the caps on the cost of credit are set at the right level, whether the required content and presentation of the consumer warnings needs to be altered, whether more needs to be done to protect consumers who are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable and whether a general anti-avoidance provision should be included in the credit legislation.

Research of the Connecting Form about the Spherical Shell and the Nozzle

2011 ◽  
Vol 413 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Author(s):  
Cai Xia Luo
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Spherical Shell ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Small Opening ◽  
Large Opening ◽  
Reducing Stress

The Stress Distribution in the Connection of the Spherical Shell and the Opening Nozzle Is Very Complex. Sharp-Angled Transition and Round Transition Are Used Respectively in the Connection in the Light of the Spherical Shell with the Small Opening and the Large One. the Influence of the Two Connecting Forms on Stress Distribution Is Analyzed by Establishing Finite Element Model and Solving it. the Result Shows there Is Obvious Stress Concentration in the Connection. Round Transition Can Reduce the Maximum Stress in Comparison with Sharp-Angled Transition in both Cases of the Small Opening and the Large Opening, Mainly Reducing the Bending Stress and the Peak Stress, but Not the Membrane Stress. the Effect of Round Transition on Reducing Stress Was Not Significant. so Sharp-Angled Transition Should Be Adopted in the Connection when a Finite Element Model Is Built for Simplification in the Future.

scholarly journals Methods to Prevent Future Severe Animal Welfare Problems Caused by COVID-19 in the Pork Industry

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 830
Author(s):  
Temple Grandin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Third Party Auditing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Welfare

In the U.S., the most severe animal welfare problems caused by COViD-19 were in the pork industry. Thousands of pigs had to be destroyed on the farm due to reduced slaughter capacity caused by ill workers. In the future, both short-term and long-term remedies will be needed. In the short-term, a portable electrocution unit that uses scientifically validated electrical parameters for inducing instantaneous unconsciousness, would be preferable to some of the poor killing methods. A second alternative would be converting the slaughter houses to carcass production. This would require fewer people to process the same number of pigs. The pandemic revealed the fragility of large centralized supply chains. A more distributed supply chain with smaller abattoirs would be more robust and less prone to disruption, but the cost of pork would be greater. Small abattoirs can coexist with large slaughter facilities if they process pigs for specialized premium markets such as high welfare pork. The pandemic also had a detrimental effect on animal welfare inspection and third party auditing programs run by large meat buyers. Most in-person audits in the slaughter plants were cancelled and audits were done by video. Video audits should never completely replace in-person audits.

Uniform stress distribution road piezoelectric generator with free-fixed-end type central strike mechanism

Energy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 121812
Author(s):  
Seong Do Hong ◽  
Jung Hwan Ahn ◽  
Kyung-Bum Kim ◽  
Jeong Hun Kim ◽  
Jae Yong Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Uniform Stress ◽  
Piezoelectric Generator ◽  
Fixed End

scholarly journals Reserves of Motor-Vehicle Insurance in Finland

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teivo Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Accurate Calculation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Premium Income ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Motor Vehicle Insurance ◽  
Cluster Points

The Ministry of Social Affairs, which acts i.a. as the supervising office in Finland, has given instructions regarding the normal reserves of insurance companies. A summary of these and some comments are given here as far as they concern motor-vehicle insurance. The instructions as far as they concern the subject referred to in the following in the items 2-6, 9 and 10, were compiled by a committee, presided over by Mr. I. Ketola, M. Sc, which availed itself of the experience of several Finnish insurance companies.In order to give a review of the system as a whole many items, which are mathematically trivial and well-known, are briefly explained.The conventional principle of “pro rata parte temporis” is followed, which leads to the well-known reserve where P is the premium income of the company. This provides that the days when the premiums fall due are approximately equally distributed over the year (which can be checked from the premium sums of the different months in the book-keeping) or at least have no cluster points in the second half of the year and that the cost of the collecting of premiums is not less than 0.2 P. A more accurate calculation takes into account i.a. temporary short term policies etc.In casu-reserve. All unpaid claims (except those mentioned later) due to accidents which occured before the end of the account year, are listed and rated one by one. Doubtful cases, e.g. where the cause of the accident is still under litigation, are calculated in accordance with the “worst” alternative.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN INFORMASI AKUNTANSI DIFERENSIAL DALAM PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MEMBELI ATAU MEMBUAT SENDIRI PRODUK SETENGAH JADI PADA UD. BERKAT ANUGERAH

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phamela D Tampubolon ◽  
David Paul Elia Saerang ◽  
Agus Toni Poputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Management Measure ◽  
The Cost

Amid competition is so rapid and uncertain economic conditions, every company is required to be more efficient in order tobe more efficient in orderto survive and all of it can not be separated from the role of management.  Management measure which is occupied to measure the success or failure of the company is profit. To produce an efficient profit differential accounting information requires management to select the best course of action among alternatives available. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of differential accounting information in the decision to buy or make your own semi-finished products on UD. Berkat Anugerah. This study uses a descriptive research method. The result of the analysis of research conducted on UD. Berkat Anugerah seen from the cost accounting showed diferential role in the short-term decision making, where the company should buy semi-finished products from third party cost incurred due to lower than producing its own.

scholarly journals Forecasting Australian port throughput: Lessons and Pitfalls in the era of Big Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
soumya banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Port Development ◽  
Forecasting Accuracy ◽  
Port Throughput ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Modelling And Forecasting

Modelling and forecasting port throughput enables stakeholders to make efficient decisions ranging from management of port development, to infrastructure investments, operational restructuring and tariffs policy. Accurate forecasting of port throughput is also critical for long-term resource allocation and short-term strategic planning. In turn, efficient decision-making enhances the competitiveness of a port. However, in the era of big data we are faced with the enviable dilemma of having too much information. We pose the question: is more information always better for forecasting? We suggest that more information comes at the cost of more parameters of the forecasting model that need to be estimated. We comparemultiple forecasting models of varying degrees of complexity and quantify the effect of the amount of data on model forecasting accuracy. Our methodology serves as a guideline for practitioners in this field. We also enjoin caution that even in the era of big data more information may not always be better. It would be advisable for analysts to weigh the costs of adding more data: the ultimate decision would depend on the problem, amount of data and the kind of models being used.

scholarly journals AKAD MURĀBAḤAH; KONSEP DAN PELAKSANAAN DI LEMBAGA KEUANGAN ISLAM MODERN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-102
Author(s):  
Ahmad Maulidizen
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Islamic Financial Institutions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Customers ◽  
Risk Dependency

ABSTRACTIslamic banking in Indonesia has experienced significant growth, including assets, financing providedand the number of customers. Murābaḥah is the sale and purchase of goods at the original price with theagreed-upon profit. In murābaḥah the seller must tell the cost of the product he buys and determine anadditional level of profit. This research is a library research about the murābaḥah contract according tomuamalah fiqh and its application in modern Islamic financial institutions. Methods of collecting data indocumentation and various sources related to the murābaḥah contract are then analyzed inductively anddeductively. The results of the study are the murābaḥah foundation is the principle of buying and sellingwith a deferred payment system. Murābaḥah, as used in Sharia banking, is based on two main elements,namely the purchase price and related costs, and the agreement on mark-up (profit). Islamic banks adoptmurābaḥah to provide short-term financing to customers for the purchase of goods even though thecustomer does not have the money to pay. The murābaḥah financing portfolio in Islamic banks reaches 70-80%, but in practice there have never been any problems, including; collateral which is a problem of fiqh,risk dependency as a problem of the bank, bankruptcy and delay in payment are the problems of customers,and profits are too high, namely the problem of coming from the community. Therefore, Islamic banks mustmake improvements in the implementation to be in accordance with Sharia.Keyword : Murābaḥah, Financing Instruments, Modern Islamic Financing

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document