The Concentration Polarization Effect in Frozen Erythrocytes

1977 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Levin ◽  
E. G. Cravalho ◽  
C. E. Huggins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Polarization Effect ◽  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Binary Solution ◽  
Solution Model ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Intracellular Medium

An ideal, hydrated, nondilute pseudo-binary solution model is presented to describe the concentration polarization of solutes within cells during osmotic experiments. This model has been applied to the case of hyman erythrocytes being cooled at subzero temperatures. The concentration polarization of solutes within the RBC intracellular solution during freezing reveals the fact that the water transport process is significantly affected not only by the permeation of water through the cell membrane, but also by the diffusion of water within the intracellular medium.

Photoacoustic monitoring of water transport process in calcareous stone coated with biopolymers

2016 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. May-Crespo ◽  
B. O. Ortega-Morales ◽  
J. C. Camacho-Chab ◽  
P. Quintana ◽  
J. J. Alvarado-Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Process

Multi-Asymmetric Ion-Diode Membranes with Superior Selectivity and Zero Concentration Polarization Effect

ACS Nano ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 10761-10767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehoon Jung ◽  
Jongyoung Kim ◽  
Han Sup Lee ◽  
Il-Suk Kang ◽  
Kiwoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Polarization Effect ◽  
Concentration Polarization

scholarly journals Silicon Nanomembrane Filtration and Imaging for the Evaluation of Microplastic Entrainment along a Municipal Water Delivery Route

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10655
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Madejski ◽  
S. Danial Ahmad ◽  
Jonathan Musgrave ◽  
Jonathan Flax ◽  
Joseph G. Madejski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Hydrophobic Polymers ◽  
Silicon Nanomembrane ◽  
Debris Transport ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Red Dye

To better understand the origin of microplastics in municipal drinking water, we evaluated 50 mL water samples from different stages of the City of Rochester’s drinking water production and transport route, from Hemlock Lake to the University of Rochester. We directly filtered samples using silicon nitride nanomembrane filters with precisely patterned slit-shaped pores, capturing many of the smallest particulates (<20 µm) that could be absorbed by the human body. We employed machine learning algorithms to quantify the shapes and quantity of debris at different stages of the water transport process, while automatically segregating out fibrous structures from particulate. Particulate concentrations ranged from 13 to 720 particles/mL at different stages of the water transport process and fibrous pollution ranged from 0.4 to 8.3 fibers/mL. A subset of the debris (0.2–8.6%) stained positively with Nile red dye which identifies them as hydrophobic polymers. Further spectroscopic analysis also indicated the presence of many non-plastic particulates, including rust, silicates, and calcium scale. While water leaving the Hemlock Lake facility is mostly devoid of debris, transport through many miles of piping results in the entrainment of a significant amount of debris, including plastics, although in-route reservoirs and end-stage filtration serve to reduce these concentrations.

Membrane Transport Properties of Equine and Macaque Ovarian Tissues Frozen in Mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide and Ethylene Glycol

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kardak ◽  
S. P. Leibo ◽  
R. Devireddy
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cryoprotective Agents ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Ovarian Cells ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Best Fit

The rate at which equine and macaque ovarian tissue sections are first cooled from +25°Cto+4°C has a significant effect on the measured water transport when the tissues are subsequently frozen in 0.85M solutions of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or ethylene glycol (EG). To determine whether the response of ovarian tissues is altered if they are suspended in mixtures of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), rather than in solutions of a single CPA, we have now measured the subzero water transport from ovarian tissues that were suspended in mixtures of DMSO and EG. Sections of freshly collected equine and macaque ovaries were suspended either in a mixture of 0.9M EG plus 0.7M DMSO (equivalent to a mixture of ∼5%v∕v of EG and DMSO) or in a 1.6M solution of only DMSO or only EG. The tissue sections were cooled from +25°Cto+4°C and then frozen to subzero temperatures at 5°C∕min. As the tissues were being frozen, a shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter technique was used to measure water loss from the tissues and, consequently, the best fit membrane permeability parameters (Lpg and ELp) of ovarian tissues during freezing. In the mixture of DMSO+EG, the respective values of Lpg and ELp for equine tissue first cooled at 40°C∕min between +25°C and +4°C before being frozen were 0.15μm∕minatm and 7.6kcal∕mole. The corresponding Lpg and ELp values for equine tissue suspended in 1.6M DMSO were 0.12μm∕minatm and 27.2kcal∕mole; in 1.6M EG, the values were 0.06μm∕minatm and 21.9kcal∕mole, respectively. For macaque ovarian tissues suspended in the mixture of DMSO+EG, the respective values of Lpg and ELp were 0.26μm∕minatm and 26.2kcal∕mole. Similarly, the corresponding LLg and ELp values for macaque tissue suspended in 1.6M DMSO were 0.22μm∕minatm and 31.4kcal∕mole; in 1.6M EG, the values were 0.20μm∕minatm and 27.9kcal∕mole. The parameters for both equine and macaque tissue samples suspended in the DMSO+EG mixture and first cooled at 0.5°C∕min between +25°C and +4°C were very similar to the corresponding values for samples cooled at 40°C∕min. In contrast, the membrane parameters of equine and macaque samples first cooled at 0.5°C∕min in single-component solutions were significantly different from the corresponding values for samples cooled at 40°C∕min. These results show that the membrane properties of ovarian cells from two species are different, and that the membrane properties are significantly affected both by the solution in which the tissue is suspended and by the rate at which the tissue is cooled from +25°Cto+4°C before being frozen. These observations suggest that these variables ought to be considered in the derivation of methods to cryopreserve ovarian tissues.

Water transport in a cluster of closely packed erythrocytes during cooling at subzero temperatures

Cryobiology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 651
Author(s):  
R.L. Levin ◽  
E.G. Cravalho ◽  
C.E. Huggins
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Subzero Temperatures

Concentration polarization effect at the deposition of charged Langmuir monolayers

2011 ◽  
Vol 168 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.I. Kovalchuk ◽  
E.K. Zholkovskiy ◽  
M.P. Bondarenko ◽  
V.M. Starov ◽  
D. Vollhardt
Keyword(s):  
Polarization Effect ◽  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Langmuir Monolayers

Water and urea permeation pathways of the human excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT1

2011 ◽  
Vol 439 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Vandenberg ◽  
Cheryl A. Handford ◽  
Ewan M. Campbell ◽  
Renae M. Ryan ◽  
Andrea J. Yool
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Glutamate Transporters ◽  
Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Glutamate Transport ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter ◽  
Permeation Properties

Glutamate transport is coupled to the co-transport of 3 Na+ and 1 H+ followed by the counter-transport of 1 K+. In addition, glutamate and Na+ binding to glutamate transporters generates an uncoupled anion conductance. The human glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 (excitatory amino acid transporter 1) also allows significant passive and active water transport, which suggests that water permeation through glutamate transporters may play an important role in glial cell homoeostasis. Urea also permeates EAAT1 and has been used to characterize the permeation properties of the transporter. We have previously identified a series of mutations that differentially affect either the glutamate transport process or the substrate-activated channel function of EAAT1. The water and urea permeation properties of wild-type EAAT1 and two mutant transporters were measured to identify which permeation pathway facilitates the movement of these molecules. We demonstrate that there is a significant rate of L-glutamate-stimulated passive and active water transport. Both the passive and active L-glutamate-stimulated water transport is most closely associated with the glutamate transport process. In contrast, L-glutamate-stimulated [14C]urea permeation is associated with the anion channel of the transporter. However, there is also likely to be a transporter-specific, but glutamate independent, flux of water via the anion channel.

scholarly journals A Fickian diffusion transport process with features of transport catalysis. Doxorubicin transport in human red blood cells.

1981 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dalmark ◽  
H H Storm
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Orbital Interaction ◽  
Diffusion Transport ◽  
Lipid Domain ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Membrane Components

The transport of the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in human red blood cells was investigated by measuring the net efflux from loaded cells. Previous data indicated that doxorubicin transport was a Fickian diffusion transport process of the electrically neutral molecule through the lipid domain of the cell membrane (Dalmark, 1981 [In press]). However, doxorubicin transport showed saturation kinetics and a concentration-dependent temperature dependence with nonlinear Arrhenius plots. The two phenomena were related to the doxorubicin partition coefficient between 1-octanol and a water phase. This relationship indicated that the two phenomena were caused by changes in the physiochemical properties of doxorubicin in the aqueous phase and were not caused by interaction of doxorubicin with cell membrane components. The physicochemical properties of doxorubicin varied with concentration and temperature because of the ability of doxorubicin to form polymers by self-association in aqueous solution like other planar aromatic molecules through pi-electron orbital interaction. The hypothesis is proposed that doxorubicin transport across cell membranes takes place by simple Fickian diffusion.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Intracellular Potential on Potassium Uptake by Beetroot Tissue

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Active Transport Process ◽  
Metabolic Transport

Intracellular potentials were measured in beetroot tissue during the steady-state uptake of K+ from various solutions. In solutions containing bicarbonate, the membrane potential becomes up to 70 mv more negative than the estimated equilibrium potential for K+. The uptake of K+ from such solutions is correlated with variations in the potential, both when the bicarbonate concentration is changed and also when the metabolic activity of the tissue is changed by washing in water for various periods. However, the estimated permeability to K+ varies from 0.4 x 10-7 to 1.5 x 10-7 cm·sec-1. It is postulated that the change of potential arises from the metabolic transport of HCO3- into the cell or H+ outwards, and that the associated uptake of K+ is partly or entirely by passive diffusion across the cell membrane. In contrast, K+ uptake from KCl solutions is not accompanied by any significant change in the membrane potential, which remains relatively close to the K+ equilibrium potential. In solutions containing both KHCO3 and KCl, it appears that an amount of K+ equal to the influx of Cl- is taken up independently of the potential, while the component of K+ uptake which is not balanced by Cl- uptake is related to the potential in the manner described. These results suggest that K+ uptake is linked to Cl- uptake in an electrically neutral active transport process.

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