A Design Method for Optimizing Collector Systems for Small Solar Central Receivers

1980 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Bannerot ◽  
C. L. Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Configuration ◽  
Circular Aperture ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Central Receiver ◽  
Receiver System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

The design methodology for the determination of the optimal heliostat field designs is presented in detail for a small solar central receiver. The optimization process is reviewed. Cost and performance models are discussed. To illustrate the design process a representative small solar central receiver system is optimized. Cost factors were developed from current prices. The individual heliostat design and cost data were taken from the design of the ten megawatt-electric Barstow Pilot Plant design. A north field configuration, steel guyed tower and a tilted, circular aperture, cavity receiver were utilized. It is demonstrated that solar central receiver systems are more cost effective at higher power levels, above those considered here. But this fact has nothing to do with relative cost effectiveness of competing small, stand-alone, power systems.

Evaluation of Advanced Sodium Receiver Losses During Operation of the IEA/SSPS Central Receiver System

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Carmona ◽  
F. Rosa ◽  
H. Jacobs ◽  
M. Sa´nchez
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Optical Losses ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Central Receiver ◽  
Receiver System ◽  
Receiver Performance

This article presents the measurements and experiments conducted on the external receiver: the so-called Advanced Sodium Receiver (ASR) of the Small Solar Power Systems (SSPS) Project of the International Energy Agency (IEA) in southern Spain. The basis of this experiment was to provide loss measurements for later use in determining receiver performance. The tests to evaluate thermal losses consisted in operating the receiver with the doors open and circulating the sodium in normal and reverse flow without providing any incident power from the heliostat field (flux-off technique). In this way, total thermal losses are calculated as the energy lost by the sodium. Radiative losses have been calculated based on theoretical calculations and some results have been compared with infrared thermography measurements. Conductive losses are small and have been estimated by flux-off experiments with the receiver doors closed. Convective losses were evaluated subtracting radiative and conductive losses from the total thermal losses. Optical losses were assessed using absorptance measurements of the receiver coating. A simplified analytical model has been developed to calculate losses and ASR efficiency during operation. In spite of the method’s simplicity, the results are very similar to those found by other investigators, verified simulation programs, and test results.

scholarly journals Limitations to current methods to estimate cause of death: a validation study of a verbal autopsy model

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Clara Menéndez ◽  
Llorenç Quintó ◽  
Paola Castillo ◽  
Carla Carrilho ◽  
Mamudo R. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Verbal Autopsy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Background: Accurate information on causes of death (CoD) is essential to estimate burden of disease, track global progress, prioritize cost-effective interventions, and inform policies to reduce mortality. In low-income settings, where a significant proportion of deaths take place at home or in poorly-resourced peripheral health facilities, data on CoD often relies on verbal autopsies (VAs). Validations of VAs have been performed against clinical diagnosis, but never before against an acceptable gold standard: the complete diagnostic autopsy (CDA). Methods: We have validated a computer-coded verbal autopsy method –the InterVA- using individual and population metrics to determine CoD against the CDA, in 316 deceased patients of different age groups who died in a tertiary-level hospital in Maputo, Mozambique between 2013 and 2015.   Results: We found a low agreement of the model across all age groups at the individual (kappa statistic ranging from -0.030 to 0.232, lowest in stillbirths and highest in adults) and population levels (chance-corrected cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy ranging from -1.00 to 0.62, lowest in stillbirths, highest in children). The sensitivity in identifying infectious diseases was low (0% for tuberculosis, diarrhea, and disseminated infections, 32% for HIV-related infections, 33% for malaria and 36% for pneumonia). Of maternal deaths, 26 were assigned to eclampsia but only four patients actually died of eclampsia. Conclusions: These findings do not lead to building confidence in current estimates of CoD. They also call to the need to implement autopsy methods where they may be feasible, and to improve the quality and performance of current VA techniques.

scholarly journals Limitations to current methods to estimate cause of death: a validation study of a verbal autopsy model

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Clara Menéndez ◽  
Llorenç Quintó ◽  
Paola Castillo ◽  
Carla Carrilho ◽  
Mamudo R. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Verbal Autopsy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Background: Accurate information on causes of death (CoD) is essential to estimate burden of disease, track global progress, prioritize cost-effective interventions, and inform policies to reduce mortality. In low-income settings, where a significant proportion of deaths take place at home or in poorly-resourced peripheral health facilities, data on CoD often relies on verbal autopsies (VAs). Validations of VAs have been performed against clinical diagnosis, but never before against an acceptable gold standard: the complete diagnostic autopsy (CDA). Methods: We have validated a computer-coded verbal autopsy method –the InterVA- using individual and population metrics to determine CoD against the CDA, in 316 deceased patients of different age groups who died in a tertiary-level hospital in Maputo, Mozambique between 2013 and 2015.   Results: We found a low agreement of the model across all age groups at the individual (kappa statistic ranging from -0.030 to 0.232, lowest in stillbirths and highest in adults) and population levels (chance-corrected cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy ranging from -1.00 to 0.62, lowest in stillbirths, highest in children). The sensitivity in identifying infectious diseases was low (0% for tuberculosis, diarrhea, and disseminated infections, 32% for HIV-related infections, 33% for malaria and 36% for pneumonia). Of maternal deaths, 26 were assigned to eclampsia but only four patients actually died of eclampsia. Conclusions: These findings do not lead to building confidence in current estimates of CoD. They also call to the need to implement autopsy methods where they may be feasible, and to improve the quality and performance of current VA techniques.

Development of the design method for the optimal design of the Neutron Converter experimental plant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Smetani ◽  
Elizaveta Gureva ◽  
Vyacheslav Andreev ◽  
Natalya Tarasova ◽  
Nikolai Andree
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Fast Neutrons ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
State Technical ◽  
Research Organizations ◽  
Neutron Converter

The article discusses methods for optimizing the design of the Neutron Converter research plant design with parameters that are most suitable for a particular consumer. 38 similar plant structures with different materials and sources were calculated, on the basis of which the most optimal options were found. As part of the interaction between OKBM Afrikantov JSC and the Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University named after R. E. Alekseev, the Neutron Converter research plant was designed and assembled. The universal neutron converter is a device for converting a stream of fast neutrons emitted by isotopic sources into a "standardized" value of flux density with known parameters in the volume of the central part of the product, which is the working part of the universal neutron converter. To supply neutron converters to other customer organizations (universities, research organizations and collective centers), it is necessary to take into account the experience of operating an existing facility, as well as rationalize the design process of each specific instance in accordance with the requirements of the customer.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Conventional Methods and Electrochemical Aptasensors for Mycotoxin Detection

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Jing Yi Ong ◽  
Andrew Pike ◽  
Ling Ling Tan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recognition Elements ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
And Performance

The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs is a serious concern for human health. The detection of mycotoxins is therefore necessary as a preventive action to avoid the harmful contamination of foodstuffs and animal feed. In comparison with the considerable expense of treating contaminated foodstuffs, early detection is a cost-effective way to ensure food safety. The high affinity of bio-recognition molecules to mycotoxins has led to the development of affinity columns for sample pre-treatment and the development of biosensors for the quantitative analysis of mycotoxins. Aptamers are a very attractive class of biological receptors that are currently in great demand for the development of new biosensors. In this review, the improvement in the materials and methodology, and the working principles and performance of both conventional and recently developed methods are discussed. The key features and applications of the fundamental recognition elements, such as antibodies and aptamers are addressed. Recent advances in aptasensors that are based on different electrochemical (EC) transducers are reviewed in detail, especially from the perspective of the diagnostic mechanism; in addition, a brief introduction of some commercially available mycotoxin detection kits is provided.

scholarly journals A modular design method based on TRIZ and AD and its application to cutter changing robot

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781402110343
Author(s):  
Mei Yang ◽  
Yimin Xia ◽  
Lianhui Jia ◽  
Dujuan Wang ◽  
Zhiyong Ji
Keyword(s):  
Modular Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Shield Tunneling ◽  
Structural Hierarchy ◽  
And Performance

Modular design, Axiomatic design (AD) and Theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) have been increasingly popularized in concept design of modern mechanical product. Each method has their own advantages and drawbacks. The benefit of modular design is reducing the product design period, and AD has the capability of problem analysis, while TRIZ’s expertise is innovative idea generation. According to the complementarity of these three approaches, an innovative and systematic methodology is proposed to design big complex mechanical system. Firstly, the module partition is executed based on scenario decomposition. Then, the behavior attributes of modules are listed to find the design contradiction, including motion form, spatial constraints, and performance requirements. TRIZ tools are employed to deal with the contradictions between behavior attributes. The decomposition and mapping of functional requirements and design parameters are carried out to construct the structural hierarchy of each module. Then, modules are integrated considering the connections between each other. Finally, the operation steps in application scenario are designed in temporal and spatial dimensions. Design of cutter changing robot for shield tunneling machine is taken as an example to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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