Statistical Data Base for the Biomechanical Properties of the Human Shoulder Complex—II: Passive Resistive Properties Beyond the Shoulder Complex Sinus

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Engin ◽  
S.-M. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Data Base ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Perspective View ◽  
Restoring Force ◽  
Joint Properties ◽  
Force Moment ◽  
Shoulder Complex

In mathematical modeling of multi-segmented articulating total-human-body, there is no doubt that the shoulder complex plays one of the most important roles. However, proper biomechanical passive resistive force data have been lacking in the literature. This paper presents determination of the three-dimensional passive resistive joint properties beyond the maximal voluntary shoulder complex sinus. A functional expansion with two spherical angular variables in the local joint axis system is proposed to fit the overall restoring force (moment) data. A constant restoring force (moment) contour map as well as a three-dimensional perspective view of the results are presented in a new coordinate system defined in this study. Finally, a statistical data base is established by utilizing the statistical analysis procedures discussed in Part I [9] of this paper.

Statistical Data Base for the Biomechanical Properties of the Human Shoulder Complex—I: Kinematics of the Shoulder Complex

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Engin ◽  
S.-M. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Expansion Form ◽  
Shoulder Complex

In the last two decades, several multi-segmented mathematical models of the total-human-body have appeared in the literature. While these models can handle very sophisticated load-motion situations, their effectiveness depends heavily on the proper biomechanical description and simulation of the major articulating joints of the human body. Among these joints, the most complicated and the least successfully modeled one has been the shoulder complex mainly due to the lack of an appropriate biomechanical data base as well as the anatomical complexity of the shoulder region. In 1984, the senior author and his associates proposed a new kinematic data collection methodology by means of sonic emitters and associated data analysis technique. Based on this data collection methodology, Part I of this paper establishes a statistical data base for the shoulder complex sinus of the male population of ages 18–32. Estimates for the population mean and standard deviation as well as their confidence intervals are presented. The results are expressed in functional expansion form relative to a locally defined joint axis system as well as relative to the torso-fixed coordinate system in the form of globographic representation.

Three-Dimensional Kinematic Modelling of the Human Shoulder Complex—Part I: Physical Model and Determination of Joint Sinus Cones

1989 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Engin ◽  
S. T. Tu¨mer
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Composite Joint ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Unit Vectors

Modelling of the human shoulder complex is essential for the multi-segmented mathematical models as well as design of the shoulder mechanism of anthropometric dummies. In Part I of this paper a three-dimensional kinematic model is proposed by utilizing the concepts of kinematic links, joints, and joint sinuses. By assigning appropriate coordinate systems, parameters required for complete quantitative description of the proposed model are identified. The statistical in-vivo data base established by Engin and Chen (1986) is cast in a form compatible with the model by obtaining a set of unit vectors describing circumductory motion of the upper arm in a torso-fixed coordinate system. This set of unit vectors is then employed in determining the parameters of a composite shoulder complex sinus of a simplified version of the proposed model. Two methods, namely the flexible tolerance and the direct methods, are formulated and tested for the determination of an elliptical cone surface for a given set of generating unit vectors. Numerical results are presented for the apex angles and orientation of the composite joint sinus cone with respect to the anatomical directions.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

scholarly journals Meso-Scale Transmission Electron Microscope Tomography Applied for Wax Distribution in Toner Particles

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (S5) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mino Yang ◽  
Jun-Ho Lee ◽  
Hee-Goo Kim ◽  
Euna Kim ◽  
Young-Nam Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Laser Printer ◽  
Medium Voltage ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Z Contrast ◽  
Contrast Image

AbstractDistribution of wax in laser printer toner was observed using an ultra-high-voltage (UHV) and a medium-voltage transmission electron microscope (TEM). As the radius of the wax spans a hundred to greater than a thousand nanometers, its three-dimensional recognition via TEM requires large depth of focus (DOF) for a volumetric specimen. A tomogram with a series of the captured images would allow the determination of their spatial distribution. In this study, bright-field (BF) images acquired with UHV-TEM at a high tilt angle prevented the construction of the tomogram. Conversely, the Z-contrast images acquired by the medium-voltage TEM produced a successful tomogram. The spatial resolution for both is discussed, illustrating that the image degradation was primarily caused by beam divergence of the Z-contrast image and the combination of DOF and chromatic aberration of the BF image from the UHV-TEM.

Determination of integral indicators characterizing the possibility of accommodating the evacuated population in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 154851292097028
Author(s):  
Yernar Zh Akimbayev ◽  
Zhumabek Kh Akhmetov ◽  
Murat S Kuanyshbaev ◽  
Arman T Abdykalykov ◽  
Rashid V Ibrayev
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Integrated Indicators ◽  
Selection Of

Studying the historical facts of past wars and armed conflicts and natural and man-made emergencies, today in the Republic of Kazakhstan one of the most important security issues is the preparation and organization of the evacuation of the population from possible dangerous zones, taking into account the emergence of new threats to the country’s security. The paper presents an algorithm for constructing universal scales of the distribution function of opportunities by types of support and rebuilding them into subject scales using display functions. The purpose of the paper is to determine the integral indicators characterizing the possibility of accommodation of the evacuated population and the impact on resources during relocation. On the subject scales of cities and districts of the region, indicators of the possibility of relocation of a certain amount of the evacuated population by types of support and indicators characterizing the impact on the district’s resources during resettlement of a certain amount of the evacuated population are determined. It was concluded that the use of integrated indicators allows the selection of areas to accommodate the evacuated population without the use of statistical data, in conditions of incomplete and inaccurate information. The presented method does not replace traditional methods based on classical methods of territory assessment by the level of life sustenance, but also allows their reasonable combination with the experience of specialists in this field, taking into account the incompleteness, uncertainty, and inconsistency of the initial data of the study area, which does not allow the application of existing methods.

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