Effect of Protective Helmet Mass on Head/Neck Dynamics

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Huston ◽  
J. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Added Mass ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Hyperextension Injury ◽  
Direct Head ◽  
Crash Helmet ◽  
Head Neck

The crash helmet which provides protection against injury due to direct head impact may actually contribute to injury in indirect head impact (e.g., hyperflexion or “whiplash”) situations because of the added mass of the helmet on the head/neck system. It has been suggested that it may be possible to reduce this hyperflexion/hyperextension injury hazard while retaining the beneficial protection against direct impact through use of helmet restraining collars, such as styrofoam or inflatable airbags. These claims are quantitatively and qualitatively examined and discussed in this paper. The UCIN HEAD/NECK computer simulation model is used for the quantitative analysis. It is shown that the helmet can indeed contribute to the hyperflexion/hyperextension injury hazard and that the proposed restraining devices can potentially provide protection against this hazard.

Quality safety of agricultural products in supply chain-computer simulation based on multi-agent system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Maha Saad Metawea
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Multi Agent System ◽  
Agent System ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Countermeasures And Suggestions

As is known that, one of the challenges in ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products in China is how to organize plenty of scattered small farmers and integrate them into the modern agricultural products supply chain system. In this paper, in order to promote the tight integration of agricultural products supply chain, based on multi-agent system, a computer simulation model of agricultural products supply chain is proposed. Through a series of simulation experiments, the evolution of the organizational structure of the agricultural products supply chain, its impact on the quality and safety of agricultural products under different government regulations are explored and discussed in detail. It follows from these simulation results that the more long-term-contract farmers and sellers, the more conducive to the improvement of the quality and safety of agricultural products, and the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are also provided.

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