The Effects of Relative Angular Motions on Friction at Rough Planar Contacts

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Hess ◽  
A. Soom
Keyword(s):  
Rough Surface ◽  
Friction Force ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Real Area

Changes in friction due to angular motions at rough planar contacts are investigated using a compliant contact model that isolates an angular degree-of-freedom. Expressions are developed that relate the real area of contact, the contact forces and the line-of-action of the resultant normal contact force to the angular displacement for both periodic and random rough surfaces. We assume that the friction force is proportional to the real area of (elastic) contact. For a periodic rough surface, consisting of an array of hemispherical asperities of equal height and radius, the friction force is shown to be independent of angular displacement. The normal force increases and its line-of-action shifts away from the center of the contact as angular displacements increase. Therefore, the coefficient of friction decreases with angular displacement. In contrast, for a randomly rough surface, the contact area and normal contact force are shown to be non-linearly dependent on angular displacement, but remain proportional to each other in the presence of relative angular motion. Therefore, for the randomly rough surfaces the coefficient of friction is independent of angular motion.

Normal and Angular Motions at Rough Planar Contacts During Sliding With Friction

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Hess ◽  
A. Soom
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Equations ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Frictional Contacts ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Area Of Contact ◽  
Real Area ◽  
Contact Vibrations

The planar dynamics of a rough block in nominally stationary or sliding contact with a counter-surface is studied in this work. Starting with the Greenwood-Williamson model of a rough surface, the analysis of elastic contact deflections is extended to accommodate angular as well as normal motions. The real area of contact and the normal contact force are obtained in terms of the relative approach and orientation of the surfaces. It is shown that angular and normal motions at frictional contacts are generally coupled. The contact area and normal contact force are shown to be nonlinearly related to the normal and angular motions. However, the contact area remains proportional to the normal load, even in the presence of angular motions. When the friction force is assumed to be proportional to the real area of contact, the coefficient of sliding friction will be unchanged by small relative rotations between the sliding bodies. Based on this contact and friction model, the nonlinear equations of motion that describe the planar contact vibrations of a sliding block can be written directly. Although a detailed analysis of the stability and response characteristics of these nonlinear equations is beyond the scope of the present work, a limited comparison of calculations and measurements taken on both stationary and sliding blocks indicate that the small amplitude contact vibrations are reasonably well captured by the model developed in this work.

scholarly journals A novel friction law

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1529-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Yan Kong ◽  
Ji-Huan He
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Friction Force ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Frictional Force ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
Friction Law ◽  
Miniaturized Devices

Frictional force is a vitally important factor in the application of engineering either in macroscopic contacts or in micro/nanoscale contacts. Understanding of the influencing factors about frictional force is essential for the design of miniaturized devices and the use of minimal friction force. In the paper, dimensional analysis is used to analysis factors relative to frictional force. We show that the frictional force scales with where A is the contact area and N is the normal contact force. An experiment is carried out to verify the new friction law.

Experimental Validation of a Volumetric Planetary Rover Wheel/Soil Interaction Model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Petersen ◽  
John McPhee
Keyword(s):  
Contact Force ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Planetary Rover ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
Contact Force Model

For the multibody simulation of planetary rover operations, a wheel-soil contact model is necessary to represent the forces and moments between the tire and the soft soil. A novel nonlinear contact modelling approach based on the properties of the hypervolume of interpenetration is validated in this paper. This normal contact force model is based on the Winkler foundation model with nonlinear spring properties. To fully define the proposed normal contact force model for this application, seven parameters are required. Besides the geometry parameters that can be easily measured, three soil parameters representing the hyperelastic and plastic properties of the soil have to be identified. Since it is very difficult to directly measure the latter set of soil parameters, they are identified by comparing computer simulations with experimental results of drawbar pull tests performed under different slip conditions on the Juno rover of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). A multibody dynamics model of the Juno rover including the new wheel/soil interaction model was developed and simulated in MapleSim. To identify the wheel/soil contact model parameters, the cost function of the model residuals of the kinematic data is minimized. The volumetric contact model is then tested by using the identified contact model parameters in a forward dynamics simulation of the rover on an irregular 3-dimensional terrain and compared against experiments.

A Relationship Between Autocorrelation Length and Adhesive Friction Behavior of Rough Surfaces

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilei Zhang ◽  
Sriram Sundararajan
Keyword(s):  
Rough Surface ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Hertzian Contact ◽  
Root Mean Square Roughness ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Area Of Contact ◽  
Autocorrelation Length ◽  
Real Area

Autocorrelation Length (ACL) is a surface roughness parameter that provides spatial information of surface topography that is not included in amplitude parameters such as Root Mean Square roughness. This paper presents a statistical relation between ACL and the real area of contact, which is used to study the adhesive friction behavior of a rough surface. The influence of ACL on profile peak distribution is studied based on Whitehouse and Archard’s classical analysis, and their results are extended to compare profiles from different surfaces. With the knowledge of peak distribution, the real area of contact of a rough surface with a flat surface can be calculated using Hertzian contact mechanics. Numerical calculation shows that real area of contact increases with decreasing of ACL under the same normal load. Since adhesive friction force is proportional to real area of contact, this suggests that the adhesive friction behavior of a surface will be inversely proportional to its ACL. Results from microscale friction experiments on polished and etched silicon surfaces are presented to verify the analysis.

A Study of Real Area of Contact for Tire/Road Interface

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Dawkins ◽  
Sameer G. Shah ◽  
Robert L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Rough Surface ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Area Of Contact ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Contact Models ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Real Area ◽  
Rubber Block

This paper investigates some of the modeling techniques available for predicting the real area of contact between two surfaces. These models are then applied to an idealized case of a rubber block in contact with a rough surface representing a tire on the road. A description of how the models work is presented. The various contact models are compared and analyzed. Qualitatively the models compare very well. Several models also compare well quantitatively.

ON THE FRICTION OF INFLATED RUBBER TIRES ON ICE

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Niven
Keyword(s):  
Friction Force ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Slow Speed ◽  
Dry Ice ◽  
Load Axis ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction

The friction on ice of some small inflated rubber tires was measured on a turntable in a cold room. When rolling-friction force was plotted against load, the relation was either linear or slightly curved away from the load axis; such curvature implies that Thirion's Law does not hold for rolling friction. On the other hand when sliding-friction force was plotted against load the curvature was toward the load axis as would be expected if Thirion's Law applied. The coefficient of friction can go as low as 0.01 or even lower for a hard-pumped tire when the temperature is near 0 °C, but at −1 °C. rolling friction on dry ice is quite appreciable. The results refer only to measurements at very slow speed.

A Theoretical Model for the Normal Contact Force of Two Elastoplastic Ellipsoidal Bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Becker ◽  
Marc Kamlah
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
General Description ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
Static Contact ◽  
Elliptical Contact ◽  
Individual Grains ◽  
Force Displacement

Abstract To model the mechanical behavior of granular materials, a reliable description of the material properties is indispensable. Individual grains are usually not perfectly spherical. In batteries, for instance, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) is a frequently used material, consisting out of particles with possibly ellipsoidal like shapes. As particles may plastically deform under increasing stresses, the paper presents a theoretical model for the normal contact force of elastoplastic ellipsoidal bodies for the use in the context of mechanical discrete element method (DEM). The model can be considered as extension of the elastic, elastic-plastic, fully plastic Thornton model by using a more general description to incorporate elliptical contact areas. The focus is on a normal contact force description as continuous function of time for all regimes, elastic, elastoplastic, and fully plastic loading, as well as unloading from elastoplastic loading, while the evolution of the plastic contact area is not considered here. All underlying formulae to describe the force-displacement relationship for the static contact problem are derived, partly based on finite element analysis (FEA). To verify the new model, FEAs are performed and their results compared with the model predictions.

Elastic-Plastic Finite-Element Analysis of Repeated, Two-Dimensional Wheel-Rail Rolling Contact under Time-Dependent Load

2006 ◽  
Vol 220 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Wen ◽  
X. S. Jin
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Normal Contact ◽  
Normal Contact Force ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
Harmonic Variation

A study was performed using a finite-element model to obtain stresses, strains, and deformations for repeated, two-dimensional rolling contact of a locomotive driving wheel and a rail under time-dependent load. An advanced cyclic plasticity model was used with a commercial finite element code via a material subroutine. The time-dependent load was considered a harmonic variation of the wheel-rail normal contact force. The normal contact pressure was assumed to follow the Hertzian distribution and the tangential force followed the Carter distribution. A wavy profile is formed on the running surface of the rail subjected to the harmonic variation of the normal (vertical) contact force. The developed wavelength of the profile corresponds to the frequency of the normal contact force for the actual train speed. The creepage or rolling-sliding condition plays an important role in the residual strains and deformations, but its influence on the residual stresses is insignificant. The residual stresses at the surface decrease with increasing rolling passes and gradually tend to stabilize. The residual strains and surface displacements increase with increasing rolling cycle, but the increases in residual strain and surface displacement per rolling pass (ratchetting rate) decay. The residual stresses, strains, and deformations near the wave trough of the residual wavy deformation are larger than those near the wave crest. For any given creepage including zero value, when the number of rolling passes increases, the surface depth of the wavy-deformed surface increases but the ratchetting rate decays. The results are useful in investigating the influence of plastic deformation on rail corrugation.

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