A 20-Year Perspective on the Mechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4B) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony M. Keaveny ◽  
Wilson C. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Heterogeneous Material ◽  
Bone Biomechanics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prosthesis Loosening ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Failure Properties ◽  
The Continuum

We have reviewed highlights of the research in trabecular bone biomechanics performed over the past 20 years. Results from numerous studies have shown that trabecular bone is an extremely heterogeneous material—modulus can vary 100-fold even within the same metaphysis—with varying degrees of anisotropy. Strictly speaking, descriptions of the mechanical properties of trabecular bone should therefore be accompanied by specification of factors such as anatomic site, loading direction, and age. Research efforts have also been focused on the measurement of mechanical properties for individual trabeculae, improvement of methods for mechanical testing at the continuum level, quantification of the three-dimensional architecture of trabecular bone, and formulation of equations to relate the microstructural and continuum-level mechanical properties. As analysis techniques become more sophisticated, there is now evidence that factors such as anisotropy and heterogeneity of individual trabeculae might also have a significant effect on the continuum-level properties, suggesting new directions for future research. Other areas requiring further research are the time-dependent and multiaxial failure properties at the continuum level, and the stiffness and failure properties at the lamellar level. Continued research in these areas should enhance our understanding of issues such as age-related bone fracture, prosthesis loosening, and bone remodeling.

scholarly journals Modeling the Mechanical Consequences of Age-Related Trabecular Bone Loss by XFEM Simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoxun Fan ◽  
He Gong ◽  
Xianbin Zhang ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Zhengbin Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Extended Finite Element ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Trabecular Bone Loss ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
Fracture Processes

The elderly are more likely to suffer from fracture because of age-related trabecular bone loss. Different bone loss locations and patterns have different effects on bone mechanical properties. Extended finite element method (XFEM) can simulate fracture process and was suited to investigate the effects of bone loss on trabecular bone. Age-related bone loss is indicated by trabecular thinning and loss and may occur at low-strain locations or other random sites. Accordingly, several ideal normal and aged trabecular bone models were created based on different bone loss locations and patterns; then, fracture processes from crack initiation to complete failure of these models were observed by XFEM; finally, the effects of different locations and patterns on trabecular bone were compared. Results indicated that bone loss occurring at low-strain locations was more detrimental to trabecular bone than that occurring at other random sites; meanwhile, the decrease in bone strength caused by trabecular loss was higher than that caused by trabecular thinning, and the effects of vertical trabecular loss on mechanical properties were more severe than horizontal trabecular loss. This study provided a numerical method to simulate trabecular bone fracture and distinguished different effects of the possible occurrence of bone loss locations and patterns on trabecular bone.

Impact of Thresholding Techniques on Micro-CT Image Based Computational Models of Trabecular Bone

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Eichler ◽  
Chi Hyun Kim ◽  
Ralph Müller ◽  
X. Edward Guo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Bone Adaptation ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Age-related bone fractures are mostly influenced by trabecular bone sites. Trabecular bone constantly adapts its bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and orientation, and thus its mechanical properties, to mechanical usage. Therefore, understanding the trabecular bone adaptation process and its consequences will contribute to the better understanding of the etiology of age-related fractures. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a relatively new method to quantify the complex three-dimensional (3D) trabecular bone architecture [1,2]. Finite element computational studies can be performed on these 3D microstructural images by converting each image voxel into an element [3,4,5]. Image thresholding techniques to segment bone voxels from bone marrow voxels have a major impact on the results of these models. However, the influence of different types of thresholding techniques on the mechanical properties of bone has not been examined carefully.

Contributions of Trabecular Rods of Various Orientations in Determining the Elastic Properties of Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei S. Liu ◽  
X. Henry Zhang ◽  
Paul Sajda ◽  
Punam K. Saha ◽  
Felix W. Wehrli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Human Trabecular Bone ◽  
Vertebral Trabecular Bone ◽  
Age Related

Osteoporosis is an age-related disease characterized by low bone mass and architectural deterioration. Other than bone volume fraction (BV/TV), microarchitecture of trabecular bone, such as trabecular type (rods or plates), connectivity, and orientation of the trabecular network is also believed to be important in governing the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. A recent study [1] showed that the microarchitecture alone affects elastic moduli of trabecular bone and, further, that trabecular plates make a far greater contribution than rods. In human vertebral trabecular bone, the roles of transverse vs. vertical rods in conferring mechanical properties of trabecular bone have been debated [2, 3]. It has been suggested that the role of transverse trabecular rod is critical in determining elastic modulus of vertebral trabecular bone. However, without explicit classifications of trabecular type, or orientation assessment at an individual trabecula level, it is not possible yet to test this hypothesis in human trabecular bone samples despite the development of three-dimensional (3D) micro computed tomography (μCT) and μCT based finite element (FE) models of human trabecular bone. With the newly developed technique of complete volumetric decomposition and individual trabecula based orientation analyses [4], now it is possible to quantitatively examine the contributions of trabecular rods of various orientations in the elastic properties of vertebral trabecular bone.

Age-related deterioration in trabecular bone mechanical properties at material level: Nanoindentation study of the femoral neck in women by using AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Milovanovic ◽  
Jelena Potocnik ◽  
Danijela Djonic ◽  
Slobodan Nikolic ◽  
Vladimir Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Bone Mechanical Properties ◽  
Age Related

Damage Behavior of Trabecular Bone

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar C. Yeh ◽  
Glen L. Niebur ◽  
Michael J. Jaasma ◽  
Tony M. Keaveny
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Osteoporotic Fracture ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Damage Behavior ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Bone Damage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Catastrophic Fracture

Abstract In trabecular bone, damage refers to both the physical microstructural changes which can occur in the tissue due to mechanical loads as well as to the degradations in mechanical properties which may result from such morphological changes. One hypothesis to explain age-related increases in osteoporotic fracture risk is that a history of overloads or falls can cause damage to accumulate in trabecular bone and ultimately lead to a catastrophic fracture. The purpose of this paper is to review what is known about the complex damage behavior of trabecular bone and to suggest further avenues of research.

scholarly journals Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Trabecular Bone: A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Oftadeh ◽  
Miguel Perez-Viloria ◽  
Juan C. Villa-Camacho ◽  
Ashkan Vaziri ◽  
Ara Nazarian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Compact Bone ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Loading Direction ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Trabecular Bone Microstructure ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Highly Porous

Trabecular bone is a highly porous, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material which can be found at the epiphyses of long bones and in the vertebral bodies. Studying the mechanical properties of trabecular bone is important, since trabecular bone is the main load bearing bone in vertebral bodies and also transfers the load from joints to the compact bone of the cortex of long bones. This review article highlights the high dependency of the mechanical properties of trabecular bone on species, age, anatomic site, loading direction, and size of the sample under consideration. In recent years, high resolution micro finite element methods have been extensively used to specifically address the mechanical properties of the trabecular bone and provide unique tools to interpret and model the mechanical testing experiments. The aims of the current work are to first review the mechanobiology of trabecular bone and then present classical and new approaches for modeling and analyzing the trabecular bone microstructure and macrostructure and corresponding mechanical properties such as elastic properties and strength.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Eye Blinks Predict Executive Functioning in Seniors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessika I. V. Buitenweg ◽  
Jaap M. J. Murre ◽  
K. Richard Ridderinkhof
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Memory Updating ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Working Memory Updating

AbstractAs the world’s population is aging rapidly, cognitive training is an extensively used approach to attempt improvement of age-related cognitive functioning. With increasing numbers of older adults required to remain in the workforce, it is important to be able to reliably predict future functional decline, as well as the individual advantages of cognitive training. Given the correlation between age-related decline and striatal dopaminergic function, we investigated whether eye blink rate (EBR), a non-invasive, indirect indicator of dopaminergic activity, could predict executive functioning (response inhibition, switching and working memory updating) as well as trainability of executive functioning in older adults. EBR was collected before and after a cognitive flexibility training, cognitive training without flexibility, or a mock training. EBR predicted working memory updating performance on two measures of updating, as well as trainability of working memory updating, whereas performance and trainability in inhibition and switching tasks could not be predicted by EBR. Our findings tentatively indicate that EBR permits prediction of working memory performance in older adults. To fully interpret the relationship with executive functioning, we suggest future research should assess both EBR and dopamine receptor availability among seniors.

scholarly journals Effects of Steel Fiber Percentage and Aspect Ratios on Fresh and Harden Properties of Ultra-High Performance Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-515
Author(s):  
Rajib Kumar Biswas ◽  
Farabi Bin Ahmed ◽  
Md. Ehsanul Haque ◽  
Afra Anam Provasha ◽  
Zahid Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
High Performance Fiber

Steel fibers and their aspect ratios are important parameters that have significant influence on the mechanical properties of ultrahigh-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). Steel fiber dosage also significantly contributes to the initial manufacturing cost of UHPFRC. This study presents a comprehensive literature review of the effects of steel fiber percentages and aspect ratios on the setting time, workability, and mechanical properties of UHPFRC. It was evident that (1) an increase in steel fiber dosage and aspect ratio negatively impacted workability, owing to the interlocking between fibers; (2) compressive strength was positively influenced by the steel fiber dosage and aspect ratio; and (3) a faster loading rate significantly improved the mechanical properties. There were also some shortcomings in the measurement method for setting time. Lastly, this research highlights current issues for future research. The findings of the study are useful for practicing engineers to understand the distinctive characteristics of UHPFRC.

Looking to the horizon: the role of bilirubin in the development and prevention of age-related chronic diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Wagner ◽  
Marlies Wallner ◽  
Christine Mölzer ◽  
Silvia Gazzin ◽  
Andrew Cameron Bulmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Future Research Directions

Bilirubin, the principal tetrapyrrole, bile pigment and catabolite of haem, is an emerging biomarker of disease resistance, which may be related to several recently documented biological functions. Initially believed to be toxic in infants, the perception of bilirubin has undergone a transformation: it is now considered to be a molecule that may promote health in adults. Data from the last decade demonstrate that mildly elevated serum bilirubin levels are strongly associated with reduced prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), as well as CVD-related mortality and risk factors. Recent data also link bilirubin to other chronic diseases, including cancer and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to all-cause mortality. Therefore, there is evidence to suggest that bilirubin is a biomarker for reduced chronic disease prevalence and a predictor of all-cause mortality, which is of important clinical significance. In the present review, detailed information on the association between bilirubin and all-cause mortality, as well as the pathological conditions of CVD, cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases, is provided. The mechanistic background concerning how bilirubin and its metabolism may influence disease prevention and its clinical relevance is also discussed. Given that the search for novel biomarkers of these diseases, as well as for novel therapeutic modalities, is a key research objective for the near future, bilirubin represents a promising candidate, meeting the criteria of a biomarker, and should be considered more carefully in clinical practice as a molecule that might provide insights into disease resistance. Clearly, however, greater molecular insight is warranted to support and strengthen the conclusion that bilirubin can prevent disease, with future research directions also proposed.

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