Hemodynamics and the Vascular Endothelium

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4B) ◽  
pp. 510-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Nerem
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Vascular Endothelium ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cyclic Stretch ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function

The endothelium, once thought to be a passive, non-thrombogenic barrier, is now recognized as being a dynamic participant in vascular biology and pathobiology. Part of its dynamic nature is due to the influence of the mechanical environment imposed by the hemodynamics of the vascular system. Over the past two decades much has been learned about the influence of hemodynamics on the vascular endothelium. This has been in part through in vivo experiments; however, in the past 15 years a number of laboratories have turned to the application of in vitro cell culture systems to investigate the influence of flow and cyclic stretch on the biology of vascular endothelium. Taken together these studies demonstrate that flow and the associated shear stress modulate both endothelial cell structure and function. Cell culture studies employing cyclic stretch provide similar evidence. Furthermore, these effects of mechanical environment extend to the gene expression level, with there being a differential regulation of mRNA. A critical question is how does an endothelial cell recognize the mechanical environment in which it resides and, having done so, how is this transduced into the changes in structure and function observed? Although our knowledge of the recognition events remains limited, studies on signal transduction in response to a mechanical stimulus indicate that many of the second messengers known to be triggered by chemical agonists also are involved in transducing a mechanical signal. Over the past 20 years our understanding of the importance of the influence of the mechanical environment imposed by the hemodynamics of the system on vascular endothelial biology, both in the regulation of the normal biology of blood vessels and as a determinant of the distribution and development of atherosclerotic lesions, has grown immensely; however, there is still much to be learned.

Local Complement Factor H protects kidney endothelial cell structure and function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Mahajan ◽  
Alexander Jacob ◽  
Anju Kelkar ◽  
Anthony Chang ◽  
Daniel Mcskimming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Factor H ◽  
Complement Factor H ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
And Function

Hemodynamic Shear Stress And Endothelial Cell Function: In Vitro Studies

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Gimbrone ◽  
C F Dewey ◽  
P F Davies ◽  
S R Bussolari
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Fluid Shear Stress ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
And Function

The vascular endothelial lining in vivo is constantly subjected to hemodynamic shear stresses resulting from normal and altered patterns of blood flow. To facilitate the study of effects of fluid shear stress on endothelial cell structure and function, we have developed an in vitro system, utilizing a cone-plate apparatus, to subject coverslip cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) to controlled levels of shear (up to 102 dynes/cm2) in either laminar or turbulent flow. The magnitude and direction of shear stress within the system are accurately known from both theory and experimental measurements. The data reported here are for laminar flow. Subconfluent BAEC cultures continuously exposed to 1-5 dynes/cm2 shear proliferated at a rate comparable to that of static cultures, and postconfluent monolayers appeared unaltered morphologically for up to 1 week. In contrast, BAEC cultures (both postconfluent and subconfluent) exposed to 8 dynes/cm2 developed dramatic, time-dependent morphological changes. By 48 hrs, cells uniformly assumed an ellipsoidal configuration, with their major axes aligned in the direction of flow. Exposure to >10 dynes/cm2 caused variable cell detachment from plain glass substrates. Cellular migration into linear “wounds”, created in confluent areas, was influenced by both the direction and amplitude of applied shear. Exposure to 8 dynes/ cm2 induced functional alterations, including increased fluid (bulk phase) endocytosis, prostaglandin production and platelet reactivity. These observations indicate that fluid mechanical forces can directly influence endothelial cell structure and function. Hemodynamic modulation of endothelial cell behavior may be relevant to normal vessel wall physiology, as well as the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

scholarly journals Stiffness Sensing by Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Janmey ◽  
Daniel A. Fletcher ◽  
Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Substrate Stiffness ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Disease Initiation ◽  
And Function

Physical stimuli are essential for the function of eukaryotic cells, and changes in physical signals are important elements in normal tissue development as well as in disease initiation and progression. The complexity of physical stimuli and the cellular signals they initiate are as complex as those triggered by chemical signals. One of the most important, and the focus of this review, is the effect of substrate mechanical properties on cell structure and function. The past decade has produced a nearly exponentially increasing number of mechanobiological studies to define how substrate stiffness alters cell biology using both purified systems and intact tissues. Here we attempt to identify common features of mechanosensing in different systems while also highlighting the numerous informative exceptions to what in early studies appeared to be simple rules by which cells respond to mechanical stresses.

HPAF-II, a Cell Culture Model to Study Pancreatic Epithelial Cell Structure and Function

Pancreas ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. e77-e83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid A. Rajasekaran ◽  
Jegan Gopal ◽  
Cromwell Espineda ◽  
Sergey Ryazantsev ◽  
Eveline E. Schneeberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cell Culture Model ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Preservation of endothelial cell structure and function by intracoronary perfluorochemical in a canine preparation of reperfusion.

Circulation ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Forman ◽  
D W Puett ◽  
S E Bingham ◽  
R Virmani ◽  
M V Tantengco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Kinerja pada Praktikum Struktur dan Fungsi Sel Di SMA Negeri 1 Kota Jambi

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nugroho Budhiwaluyo ◽  
Rayandra Asyhar ◽  
Bambang Hariyadi
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Product Performance ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
And Function

  This research aims to produce a final product in the form of a performance-assessment instrument on Cell Structure and Function experiment. The development model is ADDIE. Based on expert's judgment, the instrument was valid and can be tested in the field. Field-test results shown that the product performs high validity and reliability value on measuring student performance on Cell Structure and Function experiment. Therefore, it is concluded that this performance-assessment instrument theoretically and practically has a good quality for measuring student performance in both process and product performance on Cell Structure and Function experiment. Keywords: Development, Performance-Assessment Instrument, Cell Structure and Function Experiment 

Protein Purification Techniques

2001 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Protein Purification ◽  
Mammalian Cell Culture ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Unit Operations ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
P Proteins ◽  
And Function

Proteins are an integral part of molecular and cellular structure and function and are probably the most purified type of biological molecule. In order to elucidate the structure and function of any protein it is first necessary to purify it. Protein purification techniques have evolved over the past ten years with improvements in equipment control, automation, and separation materials, and the introduction of new techniques such as affinity membranes and expanded beds. These developments have reduced the workload involved in protein purification, but there is still a need to consider how unit operations linked together to form a purification strategy, which can be scaled up if necessary. The two Practical Approach books on protein purification have therefore been thoroughly updated and rewritten where necessary. The core of both books is the provision of detailed practical guidelines aimed particularly at laboratory scale purification. Information on scale-up considerations is given where appropriate. The books are not comprehensive but do cover the major laboratory techniques and common sources of protein. Protein Purification Techniques focuses on unit operations and analytical techniques. It starts with an overview of purification strategy and then covers initial extraction and clarification techniques. The rest of the book concentrates on different purification methods with the emphasis being on chromatography. The final chapter considers general scale-up considerations. Protein Purification Applications describes purification strategies from common sources: mammalian cell culture, microbial cell culture, milk, animal tissue, and plant tissue. It also includes chapters on purification of inclusion bodies, fusion proteins, and purification for crystallography. A purification strategy that can produce a highly pure single protein from a crude mixture of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and cell debris to is a work of art to be admired. These books (available individually or as a set)are designed to give the laboratory worker the information needed to undertake the challenge of designing such a strategy.

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